Introduction to Data Visualization

Question 1

Three fundamental types of memory in the
brain

Answer 1

Iconic memory (a.k.a. the visual sensory register)
Short-term memory (a.k.a. working memory)
Long-term memory

Question 2

Iconic Memory

Answer 2

Similar to the graphics buffer of a computer, briefly stores what the eyes see until it is either moved into short-term memory for conscious processing or is discarded as nonessential.

Question 3

Short-term memory

Answer 3

Like RAM in a computer: readily accessible for highspeed processing but limited in capacity
Is where the real work of sensemaking is done.

Question 4

Long-term memory

Answer 4

Information that’s deemed worthwhile for later use is moved from short-term memory into long-term memory, where it’s stored for future retrieval, just like on a permanent storage device of a computer

Question 5

Most important things about short term memory

Answer 5

• It is temporary
• A portion of it is dedicated to visual information
• It has a limited storage capacity

These limitations must be considered when designing data visualizations

Question 6

Number of data components that encode different meanings in a graphic (for the user to be able to make sense)

Answer 6

No more than five

Question 7

When we perceive an object, that perception is constructed from a combination of two simple visual attributes:

Answer 7

Shape and Color

Question 8

Preattentive processing

Answer 8

Perception of the basic visual attributes: Shape and Color

Question 9

Attentive processing

Answer 9

The concious part of perception

Question 10

A common way to describe color combines three attributes:

Answer 10

• Hue
• Saturation
• Lightness or brightness

Question 11

What is Hue (color characteristic)?

Answer 11

Hue is a more precise term for what we normally think of as color
(red, green, blue, purple, etc.)

Question 12

What is Saturation (color characteristic)?

Answer 12

Saturation measures the degree to which a particular hue exhibits its full, pure essence

Question 13

What is Lightness/Brightness (color characteristic)?

Answer 13

Lightness (or brightness) measures the degree to which any hue appears dark or light, ranging from fully dark (black) to fully light (white)

Question 14

Attributes that intensity refers to:

Answer 14

Intensity refers to both saturation and lightness

Question 15

Use of color: four best parctices

Answer 15

Choose two color palettes
Use color sparingly (not too often)
Cultural aspects
Design with colorblind in mind

Question 16

Choose two color palettes: for what?

Answer 16

One for standard use, other for emphasis

Question 17

Use of color: cultural aspects

Answer 17

Red does not signify that something is important, urgent, or a problem in all cultures. For example, in China, red connotes happiness!

When communicating to international audiences, it may be important to consider the connotations colors have in other cultures.

Question 18

Use of color: design with colorblind in mind

Answer 18

Varying intensities of any single hue are distinguishable by everyone

Question 19

8 Attributes of Form

Answer 19

• Orientation
• Line Length
• Line Width
• Size
• Shape
• Curvature
• Added Marks
• Enclosure

Question 20

Line width can be useful for?

Answer 20

For highlighting purposes.
When lines are used to underline content or, in the form of boxes, to form borders around content, you can draw more attention to that content by increasing the thickness of the lines

Question 21

How can you use relative sizes of objects in a dashboard?

Answer 21

Can be used to visually rank their importance.

Question 22

How can you use Enclosure?

Answer 22

• grouping sections of data or,
• when used sparingly, highlighting content as important

Question 23

Encoding quantitative vs. categorical data

Answer 23

Communicate quantitative data: perceive one thing as greater than others in some way (bigger, taller, more important)

Communicate categorical data: perceive that items are distinct from one another, without any sense of some being greater than or less than others.

Question 24

Which two preattentive attributes can be accurately used to encode quantitative values?

Answer 24

• 2-D location (e.g., the location of data points in a scatter plot)
• Line length (e.g., the length of a bar in a bar graph)

Question 25

Preattentive attributes in text

Answer 25

• Bold
• Color
• Italics (shouldn’t use - hard to read)
• Size
• Separate spatially
• Outline (enclosure)
• Underline

Question 26

Visualização de Dados dos Questionários - 3 coisas que têm de estar presentes

Answer 26

• N da amostra (nº de respostas) - obrigatório~
• Caracterização da amostra:
  Género
  Idade – faixa etária
  Estado civil
  Etc.
• Motivação:
  Listar opções
  Outra (texto livre) -> requer tratamento de dados para apresentação no relatório