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2nd sem-Cytogenetics PRELIM > Introduction to cytology > Flashcards

Introduction to cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of Genetics which study the cell specifically the chromosome. It is developed from two separate sciences: cytology and genetics.

A

Cytogenetics

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2
Q

Cytogenetics is developed from two separate sciences

A

Cytology and genetics

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3
Q

It deals with the composition and structure of the chromosome and its role in hereditary and development of related disease.

A

Cytogenetics

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4
Q

concern with the transmission of genes from parent to offspring or from one generation to another and the outcome of the offspring’s trait.

A

Transmission genetics(hereditary).

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5
Q

study of how genetic works at the molecular level (DNA and RNA), this include gene replication, expression, regulation and mutation.

A

Molecular genetics.

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6
Q

genetic variation within a given population and the role of the environment (epigenetics) in the outcome of a trait.

A

Population genetics.

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7
Q

Fields of Genetics

A

Transmission genetics(hereditary).
Molecular genetics.
Population genetics.

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7
Q

Clinical application of Cytogenetics

A

Diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring
Therapeutic management
DNA finger printing (DNA profiling)

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8
Q

Diagnosis leukemia and solid tumor

A

(cancer cytogenetics).

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9
Q

identifying the specific location, arrangement and structure of gene in a chromosome.

A

Gene mapping

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10
Q

This may help in the diagnosis of genetic diseases.

A

Gene mapping

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11
Q

Can be determine who is at risk of genetic condition among family members

A

Gene mapping

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12
Q

treatment and management

A

Gene therapy

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13
Q

DNA finger printing (DNA profiling)

A

Paternity testing
Forensic

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14
Q

Augustinian friar, scientist.

Father of Genetics.

He studied Hereditary through the experiment of pea plants.

A

GREGOR MENDEL

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15
Q

German biologist
Founder of Cytogenetics.
Discovered mitosis.

A

WALTHER FLEMMING

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16
Q

German biologist
He developed the chromosomal theory of inheritance.

A

THEODORE BOVERI

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17
Q

Described the structure of DNA as double helix.

The discovery give rise to Modern Molecular biology

A

JAMES WATSON AND FRANCIS CRICK

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17
Q

The DNA is the hereditary materia according to

A

OSWALD AVERY, COLIN MCLEOD, MACLYN MCARTHY.

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18
Q

Discovered the Genetic code these are information that is encoded in genetic material

A

MARSHAL NIRENBERG AND HEINRICH MATTHAEI

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19
Q

Discovered the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Which enable DNA or RNA to be reproduced in vitro.

A

KARY MULLIS

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20
Q

was launched, an international research project in 1990

A

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

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21
Q

Provide a complete and accurate DNA base pairs that make up a human genome

A

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

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22
Q

To identify an estimated 30, 000 genes of human.

A

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

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23
Q

The research outcome has a major impact on the development in the field of medicine, biotechnology, and life sciences

A

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

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24
Q

became the 1st genetic disease to be treated using gene therap in 1993

A

Cystic fibrosis

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25
Q

the 1st bacterial genome sequence in 1995

A

Haemophilus influenza

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26
Q

the completion of human genome in the year?

A

2000 2003

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27
Q

whole organs grow in culture in the year

A

2010

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28
Q

single cell organism with out nucleus
e.g. bacteria and archaea.

A

PROKARYOTES

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29
Q

more complex cell with nucleus and many organelles.
e.g. human, plants, animals and fungi.

A

EUKARYOTES

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30
Q

All cells of the body except sex cells.

A

SOMATIC CELLS

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31
Q

SEX CELLS/GAMETES

A

Sperm cell and ova.

32
Q

There are ___ types of somatic cells in the bodys

A

200

33
Q

A cycle in dividing cell which leads to cell division.

A

CELL CYCLE

34
Q

A series of events that take place on a cell in preparation for cell division.

A

CELL CYCLE

35
Q

2 Major stages of cell cycle

A

INTERPHASE
MITOTIC or M PHASE

36
Q

similar activity with G1

A

G2 (gap 2)

36
Q

The resting stage of cell cycle.
Constant production of protein and increasing in size.

A

INTERPHASE

37
Q

constant synthesis of RNA to produce protein, increase in size of the cell.

A

G1 (gap 1)

38
Q

synthesis or duplication of DNA to ensure daughter cells receive full set of DNA as of parent cell.

A

S phase

39
Q

cessation of cell division either temporarily ( liver cells) or permanently (neurons).

A

G0

40
Q

Types of cell division.

A

Mitosis
Meiosis

41
Q

chromatin condense to form chromosomes

nucleolus disappear

centrioles migrates to opposite poles of the cell

spindle fibers network form.

A

PROPHASE

42
Q

spindle fibers attach to chromosomes via kinetochore near the centromere.

chromosome align on the metaphase plate.

A

METAPHASE

43
Q

spindle fibers shorten, kinetochore separates

chromatids (daughter chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to either side of cell poles.

A

ANAPHASE

44
Q

the daughter chromosomes arrive at respective poles.

spindle fibers disappear.

A

TELOPHASE

45
Q

divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into 2 cells.

A

CYTOKINESIS

46
Q

Is a type of cell division (eukaryotes) that produces haploid sex cells or gametes.

A

MEIOSIS

47
Q

Also known as reduction division.

A

MEIOSIS

48
Q

reduction of chromosomes from diploid (2n) to haploid (n)

A

Meiosis I

49
Q

the same as in mitosis, producing 4 haploid cells.

A

Meiosis II

50
Q

Chromosomes become visible

Crossing over of homologous chromosomes

A

Prophase I

51
Q

Chromosomes align at the center

A

METAPHSASE I

52
Q

homologous chromosomes separates but sister

chromatids are still attached

A

ANAPHASE I

53
Q

Production of 2 haploid (n) daughter cells

A

TELOPHASE I and cytokinesis

54
Q

Homologous chromosomes pair up to form tetrads ( 4 chromatins).

A

Prophase I

55
Q

a pair of chromatins similar in size and genetic content.

A

Homologous chromosome

56
Q

(crossing over)- homologous chromosomes exchange genetic materials to create 4 unique chromatids.

A

Genetic recombination

57
Q

Consist of prophase II, anaphase II, metaphase II and telophase II

A

Meiosis II

58
Q

The process is the same as mitosis.

A

Meiosis II

59
Q

At the end of the this cell cycle, 4 genetically different daughter cells are produced.

A

Meiosis II

60
Q

G1 -__ hours
S phase- __ hours
G2 phase-__
M phase- __

A

G1 - 9 hours
S phase- 10 hours
G2 phase-four and one-half hours
M phase- one-half hour

61
Q

regulated by external and internal event.

A

Initiation and inhibition of cell division

62
Q

a hormones that promotes cell division.

A

Human growth hormone (HGH)

63
Q

overcrowding cells inhibit cell division

A

Space

64
Q

Internal event of regulation of cell division

A

Cell cycle checkpoints

64
Q

External event of regulation of cell division

A

Human Growth Hormone
Space
Size of the cell

65
Q

a. Ensures if the size of the cell is ready for cell division.
b. Ensures if necessary proteins are made for cell division.
c. Ensures that DNA is error free before it will be copy.

A

G1 checkpoint

66
Q

If the cells failed to meet the requirement it will proceed to __ until it is ready.

A

G0

67
Q

DNA synthesis checkpoint

A

G2 checkpoint

68
Q

a. Checks whether DNA is replicated correctly (no mutations)
b. If not, it stops the progression to correct the problem by the action of DNA repair system.
c. If the DNA is beyond repair the cell will undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death.

A

G2 checkpoint

69
Q

Ensures that the cell’s spindle fibers are properly aligned in metaphase before the chromosomes are separated in anaphase.

A

Mitosis checkpoint (during metaphase)

70
Q

Promotes cell cycle

A

Positive regulation

71
Q

Stops cell cycle

A

Negative regulation

72
Q
  1. Transcription factor (MYC)
  2. Cyclin –dependent kinases (CDKs)
  3. EGFR- epidermal growth factor receptors
A

Proto-oncogenes

73
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Negative regulation

74
Q

result to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation (malignancy).

A

oncogenes

75
Q

lead to uncontrolled cell growth and eventually malignant condition.

A

Mutation of tumor suppressor genes

76
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A
  1. Transcription factor (MYC)
  2. Cyclin –dependent kinases (CDKs)
  3. EGFR- epidermal growth factor receptors
77
Q

p53 located in chromosome 17 (short arm). 50 % of cancer cases is due to p53 mutation.
e.g. breast cancer, colorectal, liver and ovarian.

A

Tumor suppressor gene

78
Q

Repair damage DNA before replication.
When DNA damage is beyond repair, it stimulates cell apoptosis.

A

p53 functions

2nd sem-Cytogenetics PRELIM (3 decks)

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