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2nd sem-Cytogenetics PRELIM > Hereditary > Flashcards

Hereditary Flashcards

1
Q

The study of hereditary. It deals with the structure, function, distribution and variation of genes.

A

Genetics

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2
Q

The process of transmission of traits from one generation to other or from parent to offspring.

A

Hereditary

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3
Q

The physical and functional unit of hereditary.
Heritable (transmissible).

A

Gene

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4
Q

A segment of DNA that codes for the production of a specific protein or trait.

A

Gene

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5
Q

Located at the specific region of the chromosome.

A

Gene

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6
Q

an inherited set of mental and bodily characteristics.

A

Trait

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7
Q

controlled by the genes and environment.

A

Trait

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8
Q

Types of Trait inherited

A

Physical traits
Behavioral traits

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9
Q

the specific location of gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome. A fixed position.

A

Locus (plural loci)

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10
Q

Alternative form or variant of a gene

A

Allele (gene pair)

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11
Q

Each chromosome has a pair genes that located at the same position.
Inherited from father and mother.

A

Allele (gene pair)

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12
Q

the allele pair is similar
“PURE BREED” organism.

A

Homozygous

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13
Q

In a pair of allele, one allele is fully expressed in the phenotype while the other is masked.

A

Dominant allele

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13
Q

the allele pair is different
“HYBRID” organism.

A

Heterozygous

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14
Q

allele is depicted in UPPER CASE letter.

A

Dominant allele

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15
Q

this allele is completely masked or hide in the phenotype.

A

Recessive gene

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16
Q

only expressed in phenotype when inherited homozygous.

A

Recessive gene

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17
Q

depicted in lower case letter

A

Recessive gene

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18
Q

2 alleles are both expressed in the phenotype.

A

Codominant gene

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19
Q

Depicted in both capital letters

A

Codominant gene

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20
Q

example of co-dominant genes in human

A

ABO blood
HLA tissue type

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21
Q

The genetic code of an individual that is heritable.

A

Genotype

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22
Q

Combination of alleles responsible for the physical trait.

A

Genotype

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23
Q

The expression of genotype that is observable

A

Phenotype

24
Q

Influenced by genotype and environment .

A

Phenotype

24
Q

The physical trait or appearance of an individual.

A

Phenotype

25
Q

Austrian scientist an Augustinian friar.
Father of Modern Genetics.

A

Gregor Johann Mendel

26
Q

He studied the inheritance of trait on pea plant, thus creating his Law of Inheritance or the “Mendelian Inheritance”

A

Gregor Johann Mendel

27
Q

States that the genes is the basic unit of hereditary specifically located in a chromosome and are transferred from parents to offspring.

A

Law of Discrete Unit of Characters

28
Q

In a heterozygous gene pair or allele, the one that expressed is dominant and the other that is masked is recessive.

A

Law of Dominance

29
Q

A gene pair from a parents segregates or separates during gametes formation.
Only one gene is received by the sperm or egg cell from the parent cell

A

Law of Segregation

30
Q

Alleles/Genes for different trait will be passed on to the offspring independently which result to a new combination of traits.

A

Law of Independent Assortment

31
Q

a diagram that used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

A

PUNNETE SQUARE (criss-cross method)

32
Q

It is a summary of every possible combination of maternal and paternal allele for each gene being studied.

A

PUNNETE SQUARE (criss-cross method)

33
Q

Inheritance patterns that do not follow the Mendel’s law of Inheritance.

A

Non –mendelian inheritance pattern

34
Q

PUNNETE SQUARE is Named after a British geneticist

A

Reginald Punnett.

35
Q

5 Non –mendelian inheritance pattern

A

Incomplete dominance
Codominance
Pleiotropy
Epistasis
Polygenic inheritance

36
Q

The phenotype of the heterozygous offspring is somewhere in between the 2 homozygous parents.
Mix or blend of 2 alleles.

A

Incomplete dominance

37
Q

Both allele are equally expressed in the phenotype.

A

Codominance

38
Q

A single gene expressed a multiple traits.

A

Pleiotropy

39
Q

A single gene affect several phenotypic characteristics

A

Pleiotropy

40
Q

example of Pleiotropy

A

sickle cell disease and phenylketonuria

41
Q

One gene controls the expression of the other different gene.

A

Epistasis

42
Q

One gene masked or modifies the phenotypic expression of another gene

A

Epistasis

43
Q

example of Epistasis

A

red hair color and albinism

44
Q

A trait is controlled not only by a single gene but through multiple interaction of many genes

A

Polygenic inheritance

45
Q

2 or more genes controlled for one trait of characteristics

A

Polygenic inheritance

46
Q

example of Polygenic inheritance

A

Skin color, hair color, eye color and height.

47
Q

At least 4 genes are involved in melanin production, combination of these genes produced degree of pigmentation.

A

Polygenic inheritance

48
Q

Can occur in both sexes, and can be transmitted by either parents.
Only 1 mutated gene is need to develop or manifest the disease.
E. g. Huntington disease and Marfan syndrome.

A

Autosomal dominant

49
Q

Most common inheritance pattern of genetic disease.
Parent is either affected or carrier of the disease.
2 mutated genes are need to manifest the disease.
E. g. Cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia

A

Autosomal recessive

50
Q

Mutation in the X chromosomes of both sexes.
Both male and female are affected.
Male is more severe than female since male has only one X chromosome.
E.g. Rett syndrome, Rickets, Alport syndrome.

A

X-linked dominant

51
Q

Inheritance pattern is from father- son only.

A

Y-linked

52
Q

E.g. hypertrichosis- growth of hair on the outside rim of the ear. Webbed toes- webbed-liked condition between 2nd and 3rd toes.

A

Y-linked

53
Q

E.g. Colorblindness, Hemophilia A, Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

A

X-linked recessive

54
Q

inherited through the female line. Inheritance is from mother to all offspring and subsequently by her daughter. Both sexes are affected but only the daughter can pass the mutation.

A

Mitochondrial inheritance

55
Q

Diabetes mellitus
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy- eye disorder
Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and ptosis (NARP)-dimentia

A

Mitochondrial inheritance

56
Q

Caused by several genes.
Not consider as genetic disease in nature.
Development of the disease are influenced by environmental factors.
E.g. malignancies, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, hypertension and heart disease.

A

Polygenic/multifactorial

57
Q
A

2nd sem-Cytogenetics PRELIM (3 decks)

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