INTRODUCTION TO CYTOGENETICS

Question 1

is the study of inheritance in all its manifestations, from the distribution of human traits in a family pedigree to the biochemistry of the genetic material in our chromosomes - deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.

Answer 1

GENETICS

Question 2

is the field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes.

Answer 2

CYTOGENETICS

Question 3

The most basic observation that a cytogeneticist can make is to examine the

Answer 3

chromosomal composition of a particular cell.

Question 4

Structures within living cells that contain genetic material.

Answer 4

CHROMOSOME

Question 5

physically located within the chromosomes. Biochemically, each chromosome contains a very long segment of DNA

Answer 5

GENES

Question 6

Coined the term cell in his studies of cork. Hooke saw, in fact, empty cells observed at a magnification of about thirty power

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ROBERT HOOKE BEFORE 1860

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hooke’s discovery

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Empty hexagonal cells that looks like a honeycomb

Question 8

Discovered living organisms (protozoa an bacteria) in rainwater

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ANTON VANN LEEUWENHOEK BEFORE 1860

Question 9

Produced magnifications of several hundred power from single lenses

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ANTON VANN LEEUWENHOEK BEFORE 1860

Question 10

Both organisms are unicellular

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Protozoa and Bacteria

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Bacteria has no

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nucleus, membrane bound organelles

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Protozoa has

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nucleus, membrane bound organelles

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Example of protozoa

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Ameoba

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Example of bacteria

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streptococcus pyogenes

Question 15

• (discoverer of Brownian motion) discovered the nuclei of cells

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BEFORE 1860 - ROBERT BROWN

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contain organized nucleus and organelles which are enveloped by membrane- bound organelles

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• CELL (Eukaryote)

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• Described mitosis in nuclei

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BEFORE 1860 - HUGO VON MOHL

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a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells.

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• MITOSIS

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• summed the concept of the cell theory with his latin aphorism omnis cellula e cellula: all cells come from preexisting cells.

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BEFORE 1860 - RUDOLF VIRCHOW

Question 19

• Publication of his work on Pea Plants.
• Includes the discovery of chromosomes and their behavior.

Answer 19

1860-1900 - GREGOR MENDEL

Question 20

• first used the term chromosome

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1860-1900 - WILHELM GOTTFRIED VON WALDEYER

Question 21

• Stated that inheritance is based exclusively in the nucleus.

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1860-1900 - AUGUST WEISMANN

Question 22

• Described the fusion of sperm and egg to form the zygote

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1860-1900 - OSCAR HERTWIG

Question 23

1900 - Three biologist working independently rediscovered Mendel’s landmark work on the rules of inheritance, beginning the era of Modern genetics

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• HUGO DE VRIES
• CARL CORRENS
• ERICH VON TSCHERMAK

Question 24

• Hypothesized that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis explained Mendel’s rules of inheritance, thus leading to the discovery that genes are located on chromosomes

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1900-1944- WALTER SUTTON

Question 25

• Created the first genetic map, using the fruit fly.
• He showed that genes existed in a linear order on chromosomes.

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1900-1944 - ALFRED STURTEVANT

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• Showed that genes can be mutated artificially by X rays

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LEWIS STADLER and HERMAN JOSEPH MULLER

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• Showed conclusively that deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA - was the genetic material

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1944- PRESENT - OSWALD AVERY

Question 28

• worked out the structure of DNA - double helix structure

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JAMES WATSON and FRANCIS CRICK

Question 29

• expert in X-ray imaging that caught a photograph of a DNA but could not piece together the exact DNA structure.
• Controversy regarding the male- dominated world of genetics.
• Died at the age of 36 due to cancer.

Answer 29

1944- PRESENT - ROSALIND FRANKLIN