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Cardiology > Introduction to CV & Physiology > Flashcards

Introduction to CV & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

1.Sometimes used interchangebly with coronary heart disease or ischemic heart disease
2.Most common type of heart diseae

A

Coronary artery disease

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2
Q

umbrella term for all disease that affect the heart or other blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

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3
Q

Lower extremities, carotids, abdominal aorta, renal arteries etc.

A

Peripheral vascular disease/ peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

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4
Q
  • A term for the condition in which arteries harden and narrow, leading to poor circulation
  • thick and stiff instead of flexible and elastic
  • can be due to fatty plaques, age, etc.
A

arteriosclerosis

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5
Q
  • A specific type of arteriosclerosis. Narrowing and hardening of the arteries caused by deposition of plaque
A

Atherosclerosis

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6
Q

What is considered a CHD risk equivalence?

A
  • PAD
  • carotid artery disease
  • abdominal artery disease
  • 10 year ASCVD risk >20%
  • diabetes mellitus
  • CKD
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7
Q

what phases of atherosclerosis does smoking effect?

A
  • impairs endothelium
  • increases inflammatory markers (CRP, interleukin-6, TNF alpha)
  • decreases availability of platelet derived nitric oxide, which may lead to increased activation and adhesion of monocytes/lipoproteins
  • increases the oxidative modification of LDL (low density lipoproteins)
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8
Q

where does blood flow through the heart?

A

right - goes to the lungs (peripheral edema)
left–> the resto of the body (pulmonary edema)

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9
Q

What makes up cardiac output?

A
  • Heart rate (BPM): controlled by ANS
  • Stroke Volume: amount of blood ejected in each heartbeat- controlled by preload, afterload, and contractility (and partially ANS)
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10
Q
  • end diastolic pressure when the ventricle has filled
  • increases in Heart Failure, hypovolemia, regurgitation of cardiac valves
A

Preload

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11
Q
  • force against which the ventricle need to eject blood (systolic vascular resistance): pressure in the aorta or pulmonic artery
  • resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
  • increased in hypertension, vasconstriction
  • increase in this, increases cardiac workload
A

afterload

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12
Q

force of contration

A

contractility

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13
Q

what two factors regulate heart pumping?

A
  1. intrinsic regulation of pumping by changes in stroke volume (frank-starling)
  2. control of the HR and strength of pumping by autonomic nervous system
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14
Q

decreases heart rate and strength of contraction (negative chrontrope, negative ionotrope)

A

parasympathetic stimulation

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15
Q
  • increases rate from 70bpm to 200bpm
  • can also increase the force of the heart contraction (positive chronotrope, positive ionotrope)
A

Sympathetic

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16
Q

transport blood under high pressure (strong walls)

A

arteries

17
Q
  • responsible for BP regulation
  • control conduits into the capillaries, can alter flow based on tissue needs
A

arterioles

18
Q
  • diffusion of fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances between the blood and the interstial fluid
A

capillaries

19
Q

transport blood back to the heart, resevoir of extra blood

A

veins

20
Q
  • less able to absorb pressure during ventricular ejection- leads to higher systolic
  • Also, the stiffened aorta stores less potential energy and cannot maintain diastolic pressure therefore with aging you see higher systolic and lower/normal diastolic reading and widened pulse pressure
A

isolated systolic hypertension

21
Q

what are some of the effects of aging on the CV system

A
  • decreased ventricular compliance
  • decreased elasticity of arteries
  • increased stiffness of arteries (increases systolic BP and widened pulse pressure, increases afterload, L ventricular hypertrophy)
  • this ALL equals systolic HTN, diastolic dysfunction and heart failure
22
Q
  • emotional disturbance
  • activate the muscular vasodilator system
  • vagal cardioinhibitroy center transmits signal to the heart to slow the HR
  • aterial pressure falls rapidly
  • reduce cerebral perfusion
  • person loses consciousness
A

Vasovagal syncope

23
Q

what will vasovagal syncope look like in a patient?

A
  • trigger present (needle, blood, emotional disturbance, stress, heat)
  • pale, lightheadedness, warm, clammy
  • respond quickly with no postical (confusion period)
  • normal blood glucose, normal ekg, stable vitals
24
Q

How can you diagnose orthostatic hypertension?

A

BP supine and within 3 minutes of standing
* SBP drops 20mmHg OR DBP drops 10mmHg

25
Q
  • inadequate tissue perfusion
  • inadequate delivery of oxygen to tissues
  • the inability to meet the tissue’s metabolic needs
  • results in tissue death–> organ failure/ death unless rapidly identified and treated
A

shock

26
Q

due to myocardial abnormalities, any left ventricular failure (i.e, MI) causing decreased perfusion and decreased cardiac out put
* heart pump is failing
* ex: MI, Heart failure, valve or septum defects, myocarditis etc.

A

cardiogenic shock

Cardiology (8 decks)

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