Introduction to CV & Physiology Flashcards
1.Sometimes used interchangebly with coronary heart disease or ischemic heart disease
2.Most common type of heart diseae
Coronary artery disease
umbrella term for all disease that affect the heart or other blood vessels
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Lower extremities, carotids, abdominal aorta, renal arteries etc.
Peripheral vascular disease/ peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
- A term for the condition in which arteries harden and narrow, leading to poor circulation
- thick and stiff instead of flexible and elastic
- can be due to fatty plaques, age, etc.
arteriosclerosis
- A specific type of arteriosclerosis. Narrowing and hardening of the arteries caused by deposition of plaque
Atherosclerosis
What is considered a CHD risk equivalence?
- PAD
- carotid artery disease
- abdominal artery disease
- 10 year ASCVD risk >20%
- diabetes mellitus
- CKD
what phases of atherosclerosis does smoking effect?
- impairs endothelium
- increases inflammatory markers (CRP, interleukin-6, TNF alpha)
- decreases availability of platelet derived nitric oxide, which may lead to increased activation and adhesion of monocytes/lipoproteins
- increases the oxidative modification of LDL (low density lipoproteins)
where does blood flow through the heart?
right - goes to the lungs (peripheral edema)
left–> the resto of the body (pulmonary edema)
What makes up cardiac output?
- Heart rate (BPM): controlled by ANS
- Stroke Volume: amount of blood ejected in each heartbeat- controlled by preload, afterload, and contractility (and partially ANS)
- end diastolic pressure when the ventricle has filled
- increases in Heart Failure, hypovolemia, regurgitation of cardiac valves
Preload
- force against which the ventricle need to eject blood (systolic vascular resistance): pressure in the aorta or pulmonic artery
- resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
- increased in hypertension, vasconstriction
- increase in this, increases cardiac workload
afterload
force of contration
contractility
what two factors regulate heart pumping?
- intrinsic regulation of pumping by changes in stroke volume (frank-starling)
- control of the HR and strength of pumping by autonomic nervous system
decreases heart rate and strength of contraction (negative chrontrope, negative ionotrope)
parasympathetic stimulation
- increases rate from 70bpm to 200bpm
- can also increase the force of the heart contraction (positive chronotrope, positive ionotrope)
Sympathetic
transport blood under high pressure (strong walls)
arteries
- responsible for BP regulation
- control conduits into the capillaries, can alter flow based on tissue needs
arterioles
- diffusion of fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances between the blood and the interstial fluid
capillaries
transport blood back to the heart, resevoir of extra blood
veins
- less able to absorb pressure during ventricular ejection- leads to higher systolic
- Also, the stiffened aorta stores less potential energy and cannot maintain diastolic pressure therefore with aging you see higher systolic and lower/normal diastolic reading and widened pulse pressure
isolated systolic hypertension
what are some of the effects of aging on the CV system
- decreased ventricular compliance
- decreased elasticity of arteries
- increased stiffness of arteries (increases systolic BP and widened pulse pressure, increases afterload, L ventricular hypertrophy)
- this ALL equals systolic HTN, diastolic dysfunction and heart failure
- emotional disturbance
- activate the muscular vasodilator system
- vagal cardioinhibitroy center transmits signal to the heart to slow the HR
- aterial pressure falls rapidly
- reduce cerebral perfusion
- person loses consciousness
Vasovagal syncope
what will vasovagal syncope look like in a patient?
- trigger present (needle, blood, emotional disturbance, stress, heat)
- pale, lightheadedness, warm, clammy
- respond quickly with no postical (confusion period)
- normal blood glucose, normal ekg, stable vitals
How can you diagnose orthostatic hypertension?
BP supine and within 3 minutes of standing
* SBP drops 20mmHg OR DBP drops 10mmHg
- inadequate tissue perfusion
- inadequate delivery of oxygen to tissues
- the inability to meet the tissue’s metabolic needs
- results in tissue death–> organ failure/ death unless rapidly identified and treated
shock
due to myocardial abnormalities, any left ventricular failure (i.e, MI) causing decreased perfusion and decreased cardiac out put
* heart pump is failing
* ex: MI, Heart failure, valve or septum defects, myocarditis etc.
cardiogenic shock
