Introduction to Corrections Flashcards
What is corrections?
Corrections refers to the supervision of persons arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses.
What were some responses to crime in the pre-middle ages?
-Fueds
-Capital punishment (hanging, stoning, boiling, drowning, etc)
-Corporal punishment
-Fines
-Exile
What was a response to crime in the middle ages?
-Shame
-Punishments to stigmatize
-Branding, torture,
amputation
-Exile
-Fines / Reparations
What were some responses to crime in the 1500s- 1800s?
-“House of Correction” 1557
-Connected to industrial revolution
-Capital punishment
-Galley slavery
-Banishment to colonies
-Floating prisons
What is classical (school) corrections about?
-People have free with and engage in crime because of rational choices
-Apply law equally to everyone no matter individual circumstances
-Swift and certain punishment
-Focus on deterrence
-Montequieu, Voltair, Beccaria, Bentham (classical and neoclassical criminology)
What is positivist (school) corrections about?
-Lombroso, Ferri, Garafalo (positivist criminology)
-Scientific method to study behavior and identify criminal types
-Individualized view on crime
-Focus on selective incapacitation, individual treatment
What is critical (school) corrections about?
-Marx, Foucault, Welch, Lynch (critical criminology)
-Justice system is used by people in power to control/oppress lower classes
-Social structures, crime as a manifestation of problems of capitalist society
-Focus on power, exploitation and mistreatment of criminals/offenders or lower classes
Who are the 3 key sociological theorists for corrections?
-Durkheim
-Marx
-Foucault
What were Durkheim’s ideas?
-People have specific roles to play in society. Crime goes against those roles.
-Punishment reinforces social norms and values.
What were Marx’s ideas?
-Crime goes against status quo, is a function of class struggle.
-Punishment maintains ruling class power.
What are Foucault’s ideas?
-Punishment to exercise power over people – total control, creation of “docile bodies” through “correct training”
-Punishment moved behind walls of prison – rendering invisible to society
What are the different forms of punishment?
-Retribution - Offence (punishment, getting even)
-Denunciation - Offence (expressing disapproval)
-Deterrence - Potential for future offenders (same or different)
-Incapacitation - Offenders (Remove from society)
-Rehabilitation/Reintegration - Needs of offenders (correct individual-level factors)
-Restorative Justice - Relationships, repairing, and preventing harm
What is the Auburn prison model?
Auburn model allows people to do things with other people and have interactions but silently without talking
What was the Pennsylvania prison model?
Was like solitary confinement and expected to do activities alone with no interactions
What is the medical model of corrections?
Movement towards positivist school. Offenders are in need of treatment, rehabilitation, “fixing”
What was the “choice Model”?
Offenders had input into their programs and rehabilitation
What replaced the Penitentiary Act and Parole Act?
Corrections and Conditional Release Act
What did “Creating Choices” do?
-Inquired into Women’s experiences at K4W
-Recommended opening regional prisons, addressing women’s criminality in different ways, providing support and treatment
What was the Arbour Report?
Spurred the recommendations from Creating Choices, and added new ones (over 100 recommendations)
-Pertaining to treatment of women
-Limitation to segregation
-Cross-gender staffing protocol
-Access to Indigenous programming and Healing Lodge
What did the “tough on crime” legislation in the 21st century do to the corrections system?
-Elimination of “faint hope” clause
-Elimination of “2 for 1”
-Mandatory minimum sentencing
-Adult sentences for youth
-Increase in wait-time for record suspension
Which 3 objectives of punishment is utilitarian?
-Deterrence
-Incapacitation
-Rehabilitation/reintegration
Which 2 objectives of sentencing is retributive?
-Retribution
-Denunciation
Which objective of sentencing is restorative?
Restoration
What are the 8 kinds of sentences?
-Absolute Discharge
-Conditional Discharge
-Suspended Sentence
-Fine
-Intermittent Sentence
-Probation
-Conditional Sentence
-Imprisonment
What are the 3 options for serving sentences?
-Concurrent
-Consecutive
-Intermittent
What was the panopticon?
Never actually built, but influenced prison (and factory) design
What was the first penitentiary?
Kingston Penitentiary
What model was the Kingston Penitentiary?
It was Auburn Model
What is a suspended sentence?
Being released without a sentence
What happened during the Brown Commision?
-Excessive use of corporal punishment
-Warden fired, attempts to change
-Corporal punishment, silent system, and hard labor remained
What was the significance of “The Bell”?
-Prison life was governed by The Bell
-It was destroyed during the KP riots in 1971 because it symbolized power, discipline and conformity
What is conditional release?
Essentially probation (serving your time in the community and having to follow conditions in order to stay our of prison)
What came from the Archambault Commission?
-Recommended probation expansion, training of officers
-Pre-sentence reports
-Prisons should reform and rehabilitate
What are the different prison designs/models?
-Telephone pole
-Courtyard
-Residential
-Range/radial
-Campus
What are 5 pieces of legislation that govern corrections in Canada?
-Constitution Act (1867)
-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)
-Criminal Code
-Corrections and Conditional Release Act (1992, amended often)
-Provincial Legislation – Corrections Act
What are 2 International Agreements with the UN and what are they for?
-Mandela Rules
“UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners”
-Bangkok Rules
“UN Rules for the Treatment of women prisoners and non-custodial measures for Women Offenders”
What are the 4 Human Rights Obligations in Corrections?
-The safety of correctional staff, prisoners, and society at large is paramount.
-Prisoners retain the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all members of society, except those that are necessarily removed as a consequence of the sentence.
-Decisions affecting prisoners are made in a fair and forthright manner.
-Correctional authorities apply the “least restrictive measures” consistent with public safety. (Sapers & Zinger, 2010)
What does Carcer mean?
Carcer (Latin) = Prison
-inCARCERation
What is the average daily and yearly cost of a Federal inmate?
$344/day; $121,339/year for men and $212,005/year for women.
Who does oversight of Provincial corrections?
Ombudsperson
Who does the oversight of Federal corrections?
-Office of the Correctional Investigator
-Citizen Advisory Committees
What is the importance of nonprofit organizations?
-Alternatives to confinement, Abolition, Decarceration
-Broader Social Change
-Support the system (ie. halfway houses, lower cost programs)
What are the 3 Special Judicial Sanctions?
-Judicial Determination
-Dangerous Offenders
-Long Term Offenders
What is Judicial Determination?
Serve ½ of sentence, or 10 yrs, before being eligible for parole
What is a Dangerous Offender and how do they get sentenced as one?
-Application by Crown at time of sentencing
-Pattern of serious violent offences or serious personal injury offence
-High risk to community, and to reoffend
-Can include an Indeterminate sentence (federal prison)
-Hearing by PBC every 2 years after initial 7 years
What do Long Term Offenders get sentenced with?
Long term supervision order (up to 10 years)
What are the 3 characteristics of life imprisonment?
-Murder conviction
-Can serve in community and prison
-No guarantee of conditional release (parole)
When was the death penalty abolished in Canada and what was it replaced with?
-1976
-Replaced with mandatory life sentence with a possibility of parole after 25 years
What report is provided for Indigenous Offenders?
Gladue Reports
What are the 4 security levels?
-Minimum
-Medium
-Maximum
-Secure Handling Unit (Structured Intervention Unit (SIU))
How many healing lodges are run by the CSC?
4
How many healing lodges are run by Indigenous communities?
6
Who is in charge of Immigration detentions centers?
Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA)
What are 5 types of static security?
-Perimeter fence
-Video
-Alarms
-Doors
-Control staff
What are 2 types of dynamic security?
-Interactions between COs and Inmates
-More than observation
What is direct supervision?
-Promotes dynamic security
-No physical division between staff and inmates
What is indirect supervision?
-Supervision that is static
-Supervision behind glass and in towers
-Use of buttons, etc
What is an example of the split personality of correction”?
Protect Society vs Prepare for Reintegration
What is a total institution?
-All aspects of life are in the same place (work, food, sleep, social)
-Tightly scheduled and controlled
-Little access to outside world BUT– prisons have varying degrees of permeability
Who created the idea of a total institution?
Erving Goffman
What 4 groups work inside institutions?
-Security
-Operations
-Programs (Interventions)
-Maintenance
What are 3 of the legislative requirements?
-Following the requirements in CCRA and CA
-Segregation limits
-Occupational Health and Safety Committees
What are 5 things that have occurred due to the growth of Remand?
-Increase costs (maximum
security)
-Limited access to programs
-Generally tougher conditions
-Difficult to release plan
-Service-access
What are some negative impacts of overcrowding?
-Can compromise physical and mental health
-May lead to violence towards other inmates or staff
-Not enough resources to provide programs to everyone
-Double bunking violate Mandela Rules
What are the 11 special populations?
-Women
-Indigenous People
-Black and racialized people
-Older inmates
-Mental Health
-LGBTQ+
-Gang-involved
-Different Religions
-Difference Cultures
-Trauma
-FASD
