Introduction to Corrections Flashcards
What is corrections?
Corrections refers to the supervision of persons arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses.
What were some responses to crime in the pre-middle ages?
-Fueds
-Capital punishment (hanging, stoning, boiling, drowning, etc)
-Corporal punishment
-Fines
-Exile
What was a response to crime in the middle ages?
-Shame
-Punishments to stigmatize
-Branding, torture,
amputation
-Exile
-Fines / Reparations
What were some responses to crime in the 1500s- 1800s?
-“House of Correction” 1557
-Connected to industrial revolution
-Capital punishment
-Galley slavery
-Banishment to colonies
-Floating prisons
What is classical (school) corrections about?
-People have free with and engage in crime because of rational choices
-Apply law equally to everyone no matter individual circumstances
-Swift and certain punishment
-Focus on deterrence
-Montequieu, Voltair, Beccaria, Bentham (classical and neoclassical criminology)
What is positivist (school) corrections about?
-Lombroso, Ferri, Garafalo (positivist criminology)
-Scientific method to study behavior and identify criminal types
-Individualized view on crime
-Focus on selective incapacitation, individual treatment
What is critical (school) corrections about?
-Marx, Foucault, Welch, Lynch (critical criminology)
-Justice system is used by people in power to control/oppress lower classes
-Social structures, crime as a manifestation of problems of capitalist society
-Focus on power, exploitation and mistreatment of criminals/offenders or lower classes
Who are the 3 key sociological theorists for corrections?
-Durkheim
-Marx
-Foucault
What were Durkheim’s ideas?
-People have specific roles to play in society. Crime goes against those roles.
-Punishment reinforces social norms and values.
What were Marx’s ideas?
-Crime goes against status quo, is a function of class struggle.
-Punishment maintains ruling class power.
What are Foucault’s ideas?
-Punishment to exercise power over people – total control, creation of “docile bodies” through “correct training”
-Punishment moved behind walls of prison – rendering invisible to society
What are the different forms of punishment?
-Retribution - Offence (punishment, getting even)
-Denunciation - Offence (expressing disapproval)
-Deterrence - Potential for future offenders (same or different)
-Incapacitation - Offenders (Remove from society)
-Rehabilitation/Reintegration - Needs of offenders (correct individual-level factors)
-Restorative Justice - Relationships, repairing, and preventing harm
What is the Auburn prison model?
Auburn model allows people to do things with other people and have interactions but silently without talking
What was the Pennsylvania prison model?
Was like solitary confinement and expected to do activities alone with no interactions
What is the medical model of corrections?
Movement towards positivist school. Offenders are in need of treatment, rehabilitation, “fixing”
What was the “choice Model”?
Offenders had input into their programs and rehabilitation
What replaced the Penitentiary Act and Parole Act?
Corrections and Conditional Release Act
What did “Creating Choices” do?
-Inquired into Women’s experiences at K4W
-Recommended opening regional prisons, addressing women’s criminality in different ways, providing support and treatment
What was the Arbour Report?
Spurred the recommendations from Creating Choices, and added new ones (over 100 recommendations)
-Pertaining to treatment of women
-Limitation to segregation
-Cross-gender staffing protocol
-Access to Indigenous programming and Healing Lodge
What did the “tough on crime” legislation in the 21st century do to the corrections system?
-Elimination of “faint hope” clause
-Elimination of “2 for 1”
-Mandatory minimum sentencing
-Adult sentences for youth
-Increase in wait-time for record suspension
Which 3 objectives of punishment is utilitarian?
-Deterrence
-Incapacitation
-Rehabilitation/reintegration
Which 2 objectives of sentencing is retributive?
-Retribution
-Denunciation
Which objective of sentencing is restorative?
Restoration
What are the 8 kinds of sentences?
-Absolute Discharge
-Conditional Discharge
-Suspended Sentence
-Fine
-Intermittent Sentence
-Probation
-Conditional Sentence
-Imprisonment