Introduction to Computational Biology

Question 1

one-by-one cleavage of N-terminal amino acid residues with phenylisothiocyanate

Answer 1

Edman sequencing

Question 2

first protein to be sequenced

Answer 2

Insulin

Question 3

the first bioinformatician

pioneered the application of computational methods

Developed the3-letter and 1-letter amino acid code

Answer 3

Margaret Dayhoff

Question 4

‘a complete computer program for the IBM 7090’ designed to determine protein primary structure

Answer 4

COMPROTEIN

Question 5

first-ever biological sequence database

Answer 5

Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure

Question 6

▪ Coined the term ‘Paleogenetics’
▪ hypothesized that orthologous proteins evolved through divergence from a common ancestor

Answer 6

Emile Zuckerkandl & Linus Pauling

Question 7

▪ developed the first dynamic programming algorithm for pairwise protein sequence alignments

Answer 7

Saul B. Needleman & Christian D. Wunsch

Question 8

became the basis for the first published MSA algorithm

Answer 8

Needleman–Wunsch algorithm

Question 9

developed the first truly practical approach to MSA

Answer 9

Da-Fei Feng & Russell F. Doolitle

Question 10

became the basis for the now popular CLUSTALMSA software

Answer 10

Feng–Doolittle algorithm

Question 11

what sequencing is this: radioactive reagents

Answer 11

Maxam–Gilbert sequencing

Question 12

‘plus and minus’ DNA sequencing; first to rely on primed synthesis with DNA polymerase

Answer 12

Sanger Sequencing

Question 13

first sequence analysis software to include additional characters
▪ search + contigs assembly + annotate and manipulate sequence file

Answer 13

Staden Package

Question 14

The least number of changes as the main mechanism driving evolutionary change

Usually, for protein sequence
based phylogeny

Answer 14

Maximum Parsimony

Question 15

Who proposed Maximum Parsimony

Answer 15

Walter M. Fitch

Question 16

finding the evolutionary tree that yields the highest probability of evolving

Usually, for nucleic acid sequence-based phylogeny

Answer 16

Maximum Likelihood

Question 17

first complete genome that was sequenced

Answer 17

Haemophilus influenzae

Question 18

turning point of the genomic era

Answer 18

Human Genome Project

Question 19

Human Genome Project from Public

Answer 19

National Institute of Health

Question 20

Human Genome Project from Private

Answer 20

Celera Genomics

Question 21

first 3D structure experimentally determined

Answer 21

Myoglobin

Question 22

Central dogma of genomics

Answer 22

Genome -> Transcriptome -> Proteome -> Cellular phenotyppe