Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology > Introduction to Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 disciplines that make up cognitive psychology

A
  1. Experimental psychology
  2. Computer modelling
  3. Cognitive neuropsychology
  4. Cognitive neuroscience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Artificial intelligence emerged into

A

Computational cognitive science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Experimental psychology emerged into

A

experimental cognitive psycholgy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neuropsychology emerged into

A

cognitive neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Most popular approach to studying psychology of the human mind

A

Experimental cognitive psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is experimental cognitive psychology influenced by?

A

Information theory and using the computer as a metaphor for the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What approach does experimental cognitive psychology?

A

Serial information processing stages; bottom-up approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The four stages after input in experimental cognitive psychology

A

Input to perception to learning and memory storage to retrieval to thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe information processing approach

A
  1. Isolate a stage of processing
  2. Design a task that affects this stage and only this stage
    - Change in RT/Change in error rate
    - Study slide 13
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Simple information processing model for playing chess

A

Slide 14

  1. Perceive chess positions
  2. Search memory for play options
  3. Evaluate options
  4. If options are good, you make move. If bad, go back to step #3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mental representations in memory (symbolic approach)

A

Visual analogue of chess board; linguistic representation of chess board

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Visual pattern recognition hypothesis and what does it correspond to in information of processing theory for chess masters

A

See “chunks” or pattern that has their own small decision trees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Memory hypothesis and what it relates to chess information processing theories

A

Larger decision trees with faster, deeper searches of decision trees; more chess game knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Gaze-contingent technique showed what?

A

Larger or holistic visual span used by chess experts and therefore they need larger gaze windows.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did the flicker diagram show?

A

Experts will perceive differences quicker than novices.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Was there a difference between novices and experts in both random chess configurations and chess game configurations of pieces?

A

Predict that differences between novices and experts will only occur for chess game configurations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What was relationship between size of visual spans and game configurations for experts?

A

Experts had significantly larger visual span for game configurations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What was relationship between flicker paradigm and game configurations for experts?

A

Experts significantly faster in change detection or flicker for game configurations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Prediction in eye movement differences between experts and novices in a check-detection task? At end of experiment, what was concluded?

A

Predict less saccades and less fixations for chess experts

- Concluded that chess experts had a perceptual superiority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What was so specific about the expert’s fixations?

A

They were more centered.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the weakness of experimental cognitive psychology approach?

A

COME BACK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the strengths of experimental cognitive psychology approach?

A

COME BACK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the mind of a chess grandmaster do differently?

A

Experimental cognitive psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How can we see into the mind of a chess gradnmaster?

A

Cognitive neuroscience approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Coronal cut
Divides anterior and posterior
26
Horizontal cut
Divides dorsal and ventral or superior from inferior
27
Mid-saggital cut
Left and right halves
28
Where prefrontal area in relation to premotor area?
Prefrontal comes before premotor and premotor is before motor area
29
Pre-frontal regions are associated with ______
Memory
30
Sub cortical structure associated with memory
Regions of medial temporal lobe associated with memory
31
Are there physical differences in the brains of chess masters? What approach?
Cognitive neuroscience approach
32
What area is bigger for chess masters?
Occipito-temporal junction- object recognition
33
EEG/ERP
Measures brain activity from scalp recording of electrical activity
34
Does EEG/ERP have good temporal resolution? good spatial resolution?
Good temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution
35
Benefits of EEG/ERP
Cheap, popular, non invasive
36
Disadvantages of EEG/ERP
Need large number of trials
37
What can EEG/ERP be combined with?
fMRI
38
If you are testing expert and novice chess players in a chess related task while recording ERPs, what do you predict?
-Differences in ERP patterns will result in visual processing early in the EEG recording
39
What is N2 or posterior? Do ERPs in this region occur early or later?
It is associated with visual attention, working memory, or semantic memory effects on visual attention Early
40
What is P3 or frontal? ERPs later or earlier? What does this mean in relation to N2?
Associated with visual attention efficiency and it is later so therefore N2 might possibly affect it
41
MEG
Measure brain activity from scalp recording of magnetic field activity;
42
Does MEG have good temporal and spatial resolution?
good temporal and reasonable spatial resolution
43
Benefits of MEG
Non-invasive
44
Disadvantages of MEG
Expensive
45
MEG showed that chess experts had more activity in their ________ which meant that they were ________
- frontal and parietal lobe | - retrieving chunks of expert memory
46
MEG showed that novice chess players had more activity in their _________ which meant they were __________
- medial temporal lobe | - encoding and analyzing new information
47
PET
Recording of brain activity from blood flow measures of radioactive tracers injected into blood
48
Disadvantages of PET
Expensive, somewhat invasive, not very popular
49
Spatial and temporal resolution quality of PET
Good spatial but poor temporal resolution
50
fMRI
Brain activity measured by recording oxygen consumption in blood to regions of brain
51
BOLD
When neurons use oxygen, they convert oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin and this introduces subtle changes in magnetic field of that region
52
Disadvantages of fMRI
Expensive
53
Benefits of fMRI
Non-invasive
54
Spatial and temporal resolution of fMRI
Reasonable temporal resolution and good spatial resolution
55
What were the results of the fMRI study looking at the differences in neural connectivity between novices and grand master chess players?
Differences between the two groups were found in the connectivity for local or small scale and global or large scale spatial networks
56
What approach would answer this question: How could we test the perception hypothesis against the memory hypothesis using brain damaged individuals?
Cognitive neuropsychology
57
Cognitive Neuropsychology
Case studies of brain damaged patients - use matched controls - tested on many tasks to look for dissociations
58
Prosopagnosia
Cannot recognize faces
59
Object Agnosia
Cannot recognize objects
60
Which specific area of brain can be attributed to chess representations?
Fusiform face area
61
Who were better at face inversion effect? Normal vs prosopagnosia patients? What did this study tell us?
Prosopagnosia patients did better on inverse faces. | It told us that there is a specialized system in brain for face recognition.
62
Is there an inversion effect seen in expert chess players?
Yes, chess experts were able to correctly tell if previous inverted stimuli was the same as the current one
63
Is fusiform activation larger in experts for inverted chess recognition?
Yes
64
Fusiform activation is evident for _______
face recognition
65
Which area could be area of brain for all expert perception?
Fusiform gyrus
66
Are the connections between the fusiform gyrus, visuospatial attention, and motor networks greater or less for chess players? What method was used to study this?
Greater and fMRI
67
TMS or transcranial magnetic stimulation
Use repetitive TMS to enhance or dirupt underlying cortical activity (temporary lesion)
68
Disadvantages of TMS
Reasonably expensive, can be invasive
69
Spatial and temporal resolution of TMS
Both are poor but you can test to see if a particular area is needed for a task
70
Lateral occipital cortex and right occipital face area are associated with
processing face stimuli
71
Transcranial direct current stimulation or tDCS
Weak current delivered to brain via scalp
72
Does delivering tDCS to right occipital cortex before face and object recognition improve or hinder performance?
Improve
73
What are weaknesses of cognitive neuroscience approach?
come back to
74
What are the strengths of cognitive neuroscience approach?
come back to
75
What approach would answer this: How can a human mind defeat the enormous power of a super-computer at chess?
Computational cognitive science
76
What approach would answer this: Does the mind of a chess master act and work like a chess computer's artificial mind?
Computational cognitive science
77
When did digital computers and artificial intelligence start to emerge?
1940s
78
Alan Turing
British pioneer of computers and artificial intelligence; wrote first chess program even though computer did not exist
79
Claude Shannon
"Father of information theory"; "Programming a computer to play chess"
80
What are foundations of computational cognitive science?
Computer science and artificial intelligence
81
What models does computational cognitive science rely on?
Computer models
82
MAPP
Computer program to recall chess positions
83
PERCEIVER
Stimulates eye movements of chess players when scanning board for salient pieces
84
EPAM
Stimulates recognition of patterns of chess pieces around salient pieces
85
How many patterns can EPAM identify and hold in STM?
5
86
Where does EPAM recall patterns it has found from?
STM or short term memory
87
Parallel distributed processing models are also called
Connectionist networks
88
Connectionist networks are based on properties of _____
neural connections
89
What are weighted in connectionist networks?
Excitatory and inhibitory connections
90
What are the thresholds in a connectionist network?
Activation levels
91
Name four characteristics of a connectionist network
- multiple layers of interconnected nod - work in parallel and feedback - supervised and unsupervised learn - Graceful degradation
92
What happens to the memory declines of high knowledge and low knowledge individuals when manipulate neural responsiveness and neural degradation?
High knowledge remains superior to low knowledge
93
What happens to the memory declines of high knowledge and low knowledge individuals when you damage the network?
HKB advantage or superiority starts to disappear
94
High knowledge version learns more ______ and has more ________ trials
- sequences | - learning
95
What are the weaknesses of computational cognitive science approach?
f
96
What are the strengths of the computational cognitive science approach?
d

Cognitive Psychology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions