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Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Synesthesia

A

Sensory information that is not normally associated with a stimulus that is consistently and automatically evoked by this stimulus

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2
Q

Color-grapheme synesthesia

A

Colors being experienced when viewing graphemes (letters) when colors are not present

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3
Q

Is synesthetic experience uni or bi -directional? Is this challenged?

A

Unidirectional; yes, may not be true

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4
Q

Synesthesia is ________ to the individual

A

idiosyncratic

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5
Q

Can a synesthete experience many types of synesthesia? Is this challenged?

A

No; yes, it may not true

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6
Q

There is a link between _________ & _________ and synesthesia

A

Creativity and enhanced memory

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7
Q

What is often elicited by synesthetic experience? Is this challenged?

A

Emotional response and may not be true

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8
Q

Could there be a gender difference in prevalence of synesthesia?

A

Yes but it may not be true

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9
Q

Could there be a handedness difference in prevalence of synesthesia?

A

Yes but may not be true

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10
Q

Could there be a genetic link difference in prevalence of synesthesia?

A

Yes but may not be true

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11
Q

Could there be early childhood experiences difference in prevalence of synesthesia?

A

Yes but may not be true

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12
Q

Synesthesia may decline with _______

A

age

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13
Q

Synesthesis is prevalent in __________

A

autism spectrum disorder

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14
Q

Do inducers always have the same effects?

A

Survey between color-grapheme synesthetes and control group showed similar associations

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15
Q

Inducers are usually part of a _______

A

sequence

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16
Q

Projectors =

A

out in space;a projector actually sees, hears, feels, smells, or tastes a stimulation

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17
Q

Associators =

A

mind’s eye; An associate feels a connection between a stimulus and a sense

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18
Q

Lower =

A

lower perceptual stage

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19
Q

Higher =

A

Higher perceptual stage

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20
Q

Number-color stroop test

A

You say the color of the words instead of saying the words i.e. if RED is written in blue, you say blue

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21
Q

How good were synesthetes at discriminating between numbers that in reality were the same color?

A

They were more accurate when color discriminates targets from distracters

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22
Q

How good were synesthetes at discriminating between numbers that in reality were the same color but the background color didn’t match target color?

A

Faster when targets don’t match background color

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23
Q

How did synesthetics do at discrimination tasks in both tasks where graphemes elicit different colors than graphemes that elicit same colors?

A

Faster when graphemes elicit different colors than graphemes that elicit same colors

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24
Q

If target letter was not rotated, how well did the synesthetes do in the discrimination tasks?

A

Faster when target letter not rotated

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25
If a synesthete sees 9 in red but on the test 9 is in yellow, what is the color naming? photism naming?
Name color = yellow | Name photism = red
26
When projector synaesthetes are asked to color name and phostism name, which one do they do better at?
Color name
27
When associator synaesthetes are asked to color name and phostism name, which one do they do better at?
Photism naming
28
Comapring the brains of controls and synesthetes, which areas show increased activity in both groups?
- For control, there was increased activity in the grapheme area - For synesthetes, there was increased area in V4
29
Stroop interference
delay in the reaction time of a task occurs due to a mismatch in stimuli
30
If you apply TMS to this region in both projectors and associators, you reduce stroop interference
Parieto-occipital region OR right parietal
31
Pseudo neglect effect
natural tendency of shifting spatial attention to the left
32
Digit color synesthesia
digits trigger an additional color percept
33
What did Nieseen show with digit color synesthesia?
- Synesthetic color of lines correspond to either small or large number - Strong influence of color of line on pseudoneglect with the synesthetic participants - implied bidirectionality
34
Is conscious attention to the inducer needed for anesthesia? Talk about the no study
- One study showed no synesthesia was observed when inducer was introduced subliminally
35
Is conscious attention to the inducer needed for anesthesia? Talk about the yes study
- Present synesthete with the task of naming a color while ignoring a mathematical operation presented next to the color - Participants slower when answer to the arithmetic problem was incongruent with color induced by that number
36
Automatic learned associations
Idiosyncratic examples of linguistic metaphors: feeling blue, black humor; sharp cheese, etc -number-colors matched a popular Fisher-Price colored letter set
37
What were the conclusions of the study that tested four grapheme-color synesthetes who spoke three languages?
Found similar synesthetic colors with words that shared similar sounds and same meaning across languages
38
What is most often the first grapheme in language?
"A" red
39
The relationship between early language learning and prevalence of synesthesia?
Easier orthography or spelling associated with higher prevalence.
40
Compare Czech and English
Czech has an easier or transparent orthography than English (opaque)
41
Automatic processes or responses
Involuntary, fast, uncontrollable, highly practiced (distinct forms lower controlled cognitive processes)
42
Neutral condition in stroop effect
All the stimuli are same words but colors different so easier or automatic to say colors
43
Congruent condition of stroop effect
The words of colors and the colors of the words are congruent
44
Incongruent condition of stroop effect
The words of the colors and the colors of the words are not the same
45
What are two pieces of evidence in favor of thinking that synesthesia is an automatically learned association?
- there are synesthetic metaphors in English especially colored sounds and tactile-sounds - recent research has produced synesthetic associations
46
What are two pieces of evidence not in favor of thinking that synesthesia is an automatically learned association?
- participants extensively learned of colors and numbers but no synesthesia was produced - synesthesia is too idiosyncratic and inducers are limited range of stimuli - Don't see prevalence of most common metaphoric associations
47
Three points of cross-activation/cross-wiring hypothesis
- excess of neural connections that resist neural pruning with age - color-grapheme common because visual word processing lies adjacent to color processing area of brain - prenatal connections between inferior temporal regions (word) and V4 (color processing)
48
Which region is associated with word processing?
Inferior temporal regions
49
Which region is associated with color processing?
V4
50
Cross activation favored by _______ of different regions involved in processing different sensory and cognitive functions
close proximity
51
The cross-activation hypothesis: Synesthesia not a result of automatic lingusitc metaphorical mappings, but actually causes such ______
mappings
52
There are similar cross activation areas in ________ as occurs for synesthesia (perhaps centered in ________)
- metaphorical thinking | - angular gyrus
53
You get more votes if your face's ______ matches the ____ of your name
- shape | - round or sharp sound
54
Disinhibited feedback hypothesis
- Abberant neural activity from higher levels of visual processing feedback (re-entrant feedback) to earlier levels - disinhibited feedback from mulit-sensory nexus
55
Disinhibited feedback hypothesis
The disinhibited feedback theory states that no abnormal neural connections exist in the human brain, and proposes that synesthesia is caused internally by neural connections that exist entirely in the normal human brain.
56
What did Neufeld find when they investigated across modality synesthesia such as color-noise?
Increased connectivity to inferior parietal cortex from auditroy cortex and visual cortex in synesthetes; increased feedback from multi-modal (parietal) sites back to primary sensory sites ( as suggested by cross-activation hypothesis). - Support disinhibited feedback hypothesis
57
We may never understand the nature of consciousness because it may be beyond the _____________
capability of the human brain
58
Name four characteristics of the consciousness
Subjective or phenomenal experience, binding of multiple sources of information, self-awareness, volition or executive intentions
59
Measures for consciousness
Self-report no report measures
60
You cannot know whether you have a conscious experience without resorting to _____
cognitive functions
61
What two states of the brain do not have awareness evidence?
Coma and vegetative
62
What state does not have sleep-wake pattern?
Coma
63
How much of awareness is there in a locked in syndrome?
Fully aware
64
State in which communication via consistent vertical eye movement
Locked in syndrome
65
If you give stimuli to vegetative and normal patients, what do you see in their fMRIs? What can you not conclude from this study?
Activity in same regions and persisted for 30 s of duration; doesn't tell us though if they are aware or not? Whether it was her consciousness or automatic, non-conscious processing?
66
Recurrent means
happening often or repeatedly
67
If there is feedforward sweep like recurrent processing, is there conscious percept?
No
68
If there is localized recurrent processing like recurrent processing, is there conscious percept?
Maybe
69
If there is widespread recurrent processing like recurrent processing, is there conscious percept?
Yes
70
What are the three possible meanings of neural correlations?
They can be either prerequisites, consequences, or substrates of conscious experiences.
71
Where do studies suggest consciousness arises from the brain when they compare consiousness (detect changes) vs unconsciousness (no change detections)?
Frontoparietal network
72
If you apply rTMS to posterior pariteal region on either side, is performance in detection tasks enhanced or hindered?
Hindered or slowed down
73
Global Workspace theory of consciousness
Consciousness involved integrating information from several special-purpose processors or networks working unconsciously

Cognitive Psychology (4 decks)

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