Introduction To Clinically Oriented Gross Anatomy Flashcards
The study of the 💡structure of body parts and their 💡relationship to one another.
To 💡dissect, 💡cut apart, and 💡separate
ANATOMY
All structures in 💡one part of the body. (e.g. pelvic, abdomen)
Regional Anatomy
Study of internal structures as they related to the 💡overlying skin
Surface Anatomy
Gross anatomy of the body studied by 💡system (cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, muscular
Systemic Anatomy
WAYS OF EXAMINING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE
SURFACE ANATOMY
ANATOMICAL IMAGING
Study of the cell
Cytology
Study of the tissues
Histology
💡DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY
Study of development changes of the body before birth
Embryology
Composed of 💡bone, cartilage, and ligament
● 💡Protects and 💡supports body organs
● Provides the 💡framework for muscles
● Site of 💡blood cell formation
● Stores minerals like 💡calcium and 💡phosphorus
Skeletal system
Forms the 💡external body covering
● Composed of the 💡skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair,
and nails
● 💡Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes
💡vitamin D
● Regulate the temperature and prevent water loss
● First line of defense
Integumentary system
Composed of 💡muscles and tendons ● Allows 💡manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression ● Maintains 💡posture ● Produces 💡heat through shivering
Muscular system
Composed of the 💡brain, spinal cord & nerves
● 💡Fast-acting control system of the body
● Detect 💡sensation and 💡control movements, physiological processes, and intellect
● Responds to 💡stimuli by activating muscles & glands
Nervous system
Composed of the 💡heart and blood vessels
● The 💡heart pumps blood
● Blood vessels 💡transport blood throughout the body
● 💡Transport nutrients, waste products, gases, and
hormones throughout the body
Cardiovascular system
Composed of 💡red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
● Picks up 💡fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
● 💡Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
● Houses 💡white blood cells involved with 💡immunity
● Removes 💡foreign substances from the blood and lymph
● Maintain 💡tissue fluid balance, and absorb fat from the digestive tract
Lymphatic system
Composed of the 💡nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
● Keeps blood supplied with 💡oxygen and removes 💡carbon dioxide between blood and air
● Regulate the 💡blood pH
Respiratory system
Composed of the 💡oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, and pancreas
● 💡Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
● Eliminates 💡indigestible foodstuff as feces
Digestive system
Composed of 💡kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
● Eliminates 💡nitrogenous wastes from the body
● 💡Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the
bloo
Urinary system
Composed of 💡prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
● Main function is the 💡production of offspring
● Testes produce 💡sperm and 💡male sex hormones
● Ducts and glands 💡deliver sperm to the female
reproductive tract
Male reproductive system
Composed of 💡mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
● Main function is the 💡production of offspring
● Ovaries produce 💡eggs and 💡female sex hormones
● Remaining structures serve as 💡sites for fertilization and
💡development of the fetus
● Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn
Female reproductive system
A common visual reference point
● Person stands erect with feet together and eyes
forward
● Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away
from the body
Anatomical Position
💡Toward and 💡away from the head, respectively
● The head is superior to the abdomen
● The navel is inferior to the chin
Superior and Inferior
💡Toward the front and 💡back of the body, respectively
● The breastbone is anterior to the spine.
● The heart is posterior to the breastbone.
Anterior and Posterior
💡Toward the midline, 💡away from the midline, and 💡between a more medial and lateral structure, respectively
● The heart is medial to the arm
● The arms are lateral to the chest
● The collarbone is intermediate between breastbone
and shoulder
Medial, Lateral, and Intermediate
💡Closer to and 💡farther from the origin of the body, respectively
● The elbow is proximal to the wrist
● The knee is distal to the thigh
Proximal and Distal
💡Toward and 💡away from the 💡body surface, respectively
● The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles.
● The lungs are deep to the skin.
Superficial and Deep
Head, neck, and trunk
Axial
Appendages or limb
Appendicular
💡Divides the body into 💡right and 💡left parts
Sagittal
💡Sagittal plane that lies on the midline.
Midsagittal
💡Divides the body into 💡anterior and 💡posterior parts
Frontal or Coronal
💡Divides the body into 💡superior and 💡inferior parts.
Transverse or Horizontal (cross section)
Cuts made 💡diagonally
Oblique section
Movement that 💡decreases the angle movement of the joint
Flexion (Bend/Flex)
💡Bending of the neck or body toward the 💡right or 💡left side.
Lateral Flexion
Movement of the foot toward the 💡plantar surface (sole of the foot) as we are 💡standing on the toes.
Plantar Flexion
Movement of the foot 💡toward the shin, as we walk on the 💡heels.
Dorsiflexion
Movement that 💡increases the angle movement of the joint.
Extension (Straighten/Extend)
💡Abnormal or excessive extension of a joint 💡beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury.
Hyperextension
Types of joints where flexion and extension movements take place:
● Hinge – Ex. Elbow and Knee
● Ball and Socket - Ex. Shoulder
● Saddle - Ex. MCP joint of the thumb
● Condyloid - Ex. Hand MCP joints
💡UP AND DOWN movements that occur about a transverse axis through a joint
SAGITTAL PLANE
Moving the body part 💡away or 💡towards an 💡imaginary center line.
FRONTAL PLANE
(to take away)- moving the body part 💡away from the midline.
Abduction
(to bring together)- moving it 💡towards the midline.
Adduction
Occurs about a 💡longitudinal (vertical) axis 💡passing through a joint and through the length of the bone distal to it.
Rotation
The 💡turning of a structure around its long axis, as 💡shaking the head “no”. A 💡uniaxial joint, and thus rotation is the only motion allowed at a __.
Pivot joint
Involves a 💡torsion of the distal bone so that the 💡reference point is moved 💡anteriorly or 💡medially toward the body midline.
Internal rotation (Medial rotation)
The reference point is moved 💡posteriorly or 💡laterally, away from the midline.
External rotation (Lateral rotation)
__ must be identified on the lateral aspect of the distal bone. (Ex. The flexed forearm can indicate this reference point.)
Reference points
It is a combination of the actions of (in order) : ○ Flexion ○ Abduction ○ Extension ○ Adduction
- This is a composite action, involving two axes of rotation:
1. Transverse axis
2. Antero-posterior axis and both actions are allowed at each axis.
Circumduction
(Palm facing 💡downward) - movement of 💡crossing the radius over the ulna.
● This results in the 💡dorsal surface of the hand turning forward or prone.
● The palm of the hand 💡faces backward and the radius and ulna form an 💡X-shape.
PRONATION
(Palm facing 💡forward)
It is the 💡opposite action of pronation, wherein the radius is uncrossed and the palmar surface of the hand is returned to the 💡anatomical position, (forward).
SUPINATION
The __ stays in place when the hands abduct or adduct.
3rd digit
It is a special action of the hand, whereby the 💡thumb and little finger are brought around to 💡touch the fingertips.
OPPOSITION
This movement is produced at the(1)__, which is a (2)__ formed between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone. Thumb opposition is produced by a combination of (3)__ of the thumb at this joint.
(1) first carpometacarpal joint
(2) saddle joint
(3) flexion and abduction
The fingers 💡return to their anatomical position.
REPOSITION
Two specialized actions allowed for the foot:
One Pair at Ankle Joint:
PLANTAR FLEXION
DORSIFLEXION
Other Pair at Subtalar Joint:
EVERSION
INVERSION
Tipping the sole of the foot 💡downward, 💡increasing the angle between the foot and leg
PLANTAR FLEXION
Tipping the 💡upper surface
(dorsum) of the foot toward the 💡anterior surface of the leg, 💡decreases angle between foot and leg.
DORSIFLEXION
Turning sole of the foot 💡outward, 💡away from the midline.
EVERSION
Turning the sole of the foot 💡inward, towards the 💡opposite foot.
INVERSION
Movement in which a structure, such as the 💡mandible, 💡glides anteriorly. Occurs when the 💡shoulder is moved forward, as when pushing against something or throwing a ball.
“TO MOVE FORWARD”
PROTRACTION
”TO MOVE BACKWARD”
The structure 💡glides posteriorly. The 💡opposite motion, with the scapula being pulled posteriorly and medially, toward the vertebral column.
RETRACTION
“LOWER OR MOVES A PART
INFERIORLY”
Depressing the shoulders when standing at ease, the upper eyelid when closing the eye, or pulling the tongue away from the palate. Movement of a structure in an 💡inferior direction (ex. Opening the mouth). The downward movement of the scapula or mandible and shoulder
DEPRESSION
”RAISE OR MOVE A PART SUPERIORLY”
Elevating the shoulders when shrugging, the upper eyelid when opening the eye, or the tongue when pushing it up against the palate (roof of mouth). Movement of a structure in a 💡superior direction (ex. Closing the mouth). The upward movement of the scapula or mandible and shoulder.
ELEVATION
“💡SIDE TO SIDE MOVEMENT OF MANDIBLE”
EXCURSION
To move mandibles 💡away from midline
Lateral Excursion
Return the mandible to its 💡resting position.
Medial Excursion
💡Encloses and 💡protects the organs of nervous system, brain and spinal cord
DORSAL CAVITY
Within the skull and 💡encases the brain
Cranial cavity
Within the vertebral column and 💡encases the spinal cord.
Vertebral cavity
Houses the 💡internal organs(viscera)
VENTRAL CAVITY
Two subdivisions of Ventral Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Superior to abdominopelvic cavity, it is subdivided into: Pleural and Pericardial Cavity
Thoracic cavity
Each encloses a 💡lung.
Pleural cavities
Contains the 💡pericardial cavity, and surrounds other 💡thoracic organs (thymus, trachea, esophagus).
Mediastinum
Encloses the 💡heart
Pericardial cavity
Separated from the superior thoracic cavity by dome-shaped 💡diaphragm.
It is subdivided into: Abdominal and Pelvic Cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Contains 💡abdominal viscera and 💡peritoneal cavity and houses stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Abdominal Cavity
It lies with the abdominal cavity, contains 💡peritoneal cavity and houses bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.
Pelvic cavity
It is 💡a slit-like space lined by 💡serous
membranes: Pleura, Pericardium, Peritoneum
SEROUS CAVITIES
These are membranes 💡lining the pleural cavity. (LUNGS)
Pleura
These are membranes lining the 💡pericardial cavity. (HEART)
Pericardium
These are membranes lining 💡abdominopelvic cavity. (DIGESTIVE ORGANS & GLANDS)
Peritoneum
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY MEMBRANES:
○ Parietal Serosa – covers the body wall
○ Visceral Serosa – covers internal organs.
○ Serous Fluid– separates the serosa.
Pleural fluid collection
Thoracentesis
Peritoneal fluid collection
Paracentesis
Pericardial fluid collection
Pericardiocentesis
Abdominal regions:
● Right Hypochondriac Region
a) Liver
b) Gallbladder
● Epigastric Region
a) Stomach
● Left Hypochondriac Region
a) Diaphragm
● Right Lumbar Region
a) Ascending colon or large intestine
● Umbilical Region
a) Small intestine
● Left Lumbar Region
a) Descending colon or the large intestine
● Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region
a) Cecum
b) Appendix
● Hypogastric Region (Pubic)
a) Urinary Bladder
● Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region
a) Initial Part of Sigmoid Colon
ABDOMINAL QUADRANT
1) Right Upper Quadrant
2) Left Upper Quadrant
3) Right Lower Quadrant
4) Left lower Quadrant
EPIGASTRIC REGION
Stomach Liver Pancreas Duodenum Spleen Adrenal glands
RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION
Liver
Gallbladder
Right kidney
Small intestine
LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION
Spleen
Colon
Left Kidney
Pancreas
UMBILICAL REGION
Umbilicus (Navel)
Parts of the small intestine
Duodenum
RIGHT LUMBAR REGION
Gallbladder
Liver
Right Colon
LEFT LUMBAR REGION
Descending colon
Left Kidney
HYPOGASTRIC REGION
Urinary bladder
Sigmoid Colon
Female/Male Reproductive Organs
RIGHT ILIAC REGION
Appendix
Cecum
LEFT ILIAC REGION
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Examination of small structures through the microscope
Microscopy
● Illuminates tissue with a beam of light
● Lower magnification so there are less structures to see
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
Uses 💡beams of electrons (higher magnification)
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Uses 💡heavy metal salt stain that 💡deflects electrons
in the beam to different extents
Scanning Electron Microscopy
It is also known as 💡Applied Anatomy
Emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and allied health sciences.
CLINICAL ANATOMY
● 💡Highly penetrating beam of X-rays transilluminates the patient, showing tissues of differing densities of mass within the body as images of differing intensities
● 💡Electromagnetic waves of very 💡short length
● Best for visualizing 💡bones and 💡abnormal dense
structures
● A tissue or organ that is relatively dense in mass (e.g., compact bone) absorbs or reflects more X-rays (radiopaque) than does a less dense tissue (e.g., spongy bone) (radiolucent).
X-RAY
○ Body is probed with 💡pulses of high-frequency sound waves that 💡echo off the body’s tissues
○ Most commonly used to determine the 💡age of a developing fetus
○ 💡Least invasive (safest) of the imaging techniques, therefore you can use them in fetal check-ups
○ Advantage: produce 💡real-time images, demonstrating motion of structures and flow within blood vessels.
SONOGRAPHY (ULTRASOUND IMAGING)
○ Provides an unobstructed view of 💡small arteries
○ Type of cinefluoroscopy where you 💡inject a dye to the vessel to see the flow of the dye to the arteries.
○ Identifies 💡blockages of arteries that supply the heart or brain or anywhere in the body
DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY IMAGING (DSA)
○ Takes 💡successive X-rays around a person’s full circumference
○ Resemble 💡transverse anatomical sections
○ Translates recorded information into a
detailed picture of the body section
COMPUTED(AXIAL) TOMOGRAPHY SCAN (CT/CAT)
○ Produces high-quality images of 💡soft tissues
○ It distinguishes 💡body tissues based on relative water content
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
○ Forms images by detecting 💡radioactive isotopes injected into the body
○ Used to evaluate the 💡physiologic function of organs, such as the brain, on a dynamic basis.
○ Areas of 💡increased brain activity will show 💡selective uptake of the injected isotope.
○ Demonstrates all the areas actively producing abnormal tissues
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY SCAN (PET)
○ Provide information about the distribution or concentration of trace amounts of 💡radioactive substances
○ Scans show images of specific organs after intravenous (IV) injection of a small dose of radioactive material
○ Radionuclide is tagged to a compound that is selectively taken up by an organ, eg. technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) for bone scanning.
NUCLEAR MEDICINE IMAGING
