Bones Of The Upper Limbs Flashcards
It is made up of the bones of the limbs and their girdles:
Appendicular Skeleton
It is a girdle that attaches the 💡upper limbs to
the trunk
Pectoral girdle
It is a girdle attaches the lower limbs to the
trunk
Pelvic girdle
Pectoral girdle consist of the:
Clavicle and scapula
Medial end of each clavicle articulates with
the __ and __.
manubrium and first rib
It serves as a moveable, 💡crane-like strut
Forms one of the bony boundaries of the 💡cervico-axillary canal, and 💡protects the neurovascular bundle of the upper limb
Transmits 💡shocks from the upper limb to the axial skeleton
💡No medullary cavity
💡First bone in humans to ossify (5TH to 6TH month), and 💡last to be fully-formed
One of the 💡most commonly fractured long bones
Clavicle (collar bone)
These are the ligament attaches to clavicle:
Conoid Ligament
Coracoclavicular Ligament
Trapezoid Ligament
It is a ligament which is attached at the 💡conoid tubercle; near the 💡acromial end of the clavicle
Conoid Ligament
It is a ligament that 💡suspends the scapula from the clavicle
Coracoclavicular Ligament
It is a ligament attached to the 💡trapezoid line; near the 💡acromial end of the clavicle
Trapezoid Ligament
These are the muscle attachments for the clavicle (shaft):
Sternocleidomastoid muscle Pectoralis major muscle Subclavius muscle
It is the site of attachment of the 💡subclavius muscle; in the 💡medial third of the shaft of the clavicle
Subclavian Groove
It is a muscle attachment of the clavicle’s medial point of attachment of the deltoid
Deltoid Tubercle
After fracture of the clavicle, this muscle elevates the medial fragment of bone.
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
This muscle is unable to hold the lateral fragment up owing to the weight of the upper limb and thus the shoulder drops.
trapezius muscle
The lateral fragment of the clavicle may be pulled medially by the __ of the arm, such as the pectoralis major.
adductor muscles
GRADING SYSTEM FOR FRACTURES
ALLMAN
o Group 1 (Midshaft)
• Conservative treatment (i.e.,
shoulder sling for 4-6 weeks) most
common
o Group 2 (Lateral)
• Stable fractures - conservative
treatment
• Unstable fractures - surgical fixation
o Group 3 (Medial)
• Conservative treatment
It is a 💡triangular flat bone that lies on the posterolateral aspect of the thorax
It articulates with the 💡acromial extremity of the clavicle and the head of the humerus
SCAPULA or SHOULDER BLADE
These are the borders of the scapula:
SUPERIOR BORDER
MEDIAL BORDER
LATERAL BORDER
It is the 💡thinnest and shortest of the borders
It is marked near the junction of its medial two thirds and lateral third by the 💡suprascapular notch
SUPERIOR BORDER
It runs parallel (approx. 5cm lateral) to the
💡spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae; hence, 💡“vertebral border”
MEDIAL BORDER
It runs supero-laterally toward the 💡apex of
the axilla; hence, 💡“axillary border”
It is composed of a 💡thick bar of bone that
prevents buckling of the scapula
It ends in the 💡truncated lateral angle of the scapula, which is the 💡thickest part of the bone and bears the head of the scapula
LATERAL BORDER
These are the ANGLES OF SCAPULA:
Superior angle
Inferior angle
Lateral angle
This angle of the scapula is formed by the junction
of the 💡superior and medial borders
Superior Angle
This angle of the scapula formed by the junction
of the 💡medial and lateral borders
Inferior angle
This angle of the scapula formed by the 💡superior
and lateral borders
LATERAL ANGLE
These are the BODY OF SCAPULA:
DORSAL SURFACE
COSTAL SURFACE
It is a body of the scapula which is 💡unevenly divided by the 💡thick bony, spine of the scapula
DORSAL SURFACE
It is a body of the scapula which is a 💡concave depression forms the large 💡subscapular fossa
COSTAL SURFACE
These are the SPINE OF SCAPULA:
SUPRASPINOUS SPINE
INFRASPINOUS SPINE
It is a spine of the scapula which is 💡smaller, troughlike area superior to the spine
It provides 💡attachment for supraspinatus muscle, one of the four muscles of the rotator cuff
SUPRASPINOUS SPINE
It is a spine of the scapula which is much 💡larger than the supraspinous fossa
It provides 💡attachment to the infraspinatus muscle
INFRASPINOUS SPINE
It 💡receives and articulates with the 💡head of the humerus at the 💡glenohumeral joint
Shallow, concave, and oval
Glenoid cavity
Broad, flat lateral extension of the scapula
💡Arches over the glenohumeral joint and
💡articulates with the clavicle
Acromion
💡“Crow’s beak”
Small 💡hook-like structure on the lateral edge portion of the scapula
💡Stabilizes acromioclavicular joint
CORACOID PROCESS
It is the largest and strongest bone of upper limb
Humerus
ARTICULATIONS of the Humerus:
With the scapula at the 💡glenohumeral joint.
The radius and ulna at the 💡elbow joint.
These are the three parts of the humerus:
A. Proximal end
B. Shaft
C. Distal end
It is the thickest and stoutest part of the humerus bone.
PROXIMAL END OF THE HUMERUS
The PROXIMAL END OF THE HUMERUS consists of:
Head
Greater Tuberosity
Lesser Tuberosity
It is the 1/3 of a sphere and is covered with 💡articular cartilage.
Directed proximally, medially, and slightly dorsally, and rests in the 💡glenoid cavity of the scapula.
HUMERAL HEAD
It separates the head of the humerus from the tubercles laterally is a 💡shallow groove, which fades away on the surface of the bone inferiorly.
It serves for the 💡attachment of the capsule of the shoulder joint
ANATOMICAL NECK
It is a region that is between the 💡expanded proximal part of the humerus and the shaft.
💡Axillary nerve
Posterior 💡circumflex humeral artery
💡Weaker than other proximal regions, 💡one of the sites where humerus commonly fractures.
SURGICAL NECK
It is at the 💡lateral margin of the humerus.
Proximal surface forms a 💡quadrant, which is subdivided into three more or less smooth areas of unequal size that serves as 💡attachment of 3 rotator cuff muscles.
GREATER TUBERCLE
It projects anteriorly from the humeral bone
It forms a 💡pronounced elevation, which fades into the shaft distally.
Laterally it forms the prominent 💡medial lip of
the inter-tubercular groove.
LESSER TUBERCLE
Anteriorly the greater tubercle is 💡separated
from the lesser tubercle by a 💡well-defined furrow.
BICIPITAL GROOVE (inter-tubercular groove)
This ligament 💡stretches across the bicipital groove between the two tubercles, thus converting the groove into a canal.
Transverse Humeral Ligament
Lodged in this bicipital canal are the:
- Tendon of the long head of the biceps
- Ascending articular branch of the anterior
circumflex artery of the humerus
Inter-tubular groove continues downward and slightly medially on the anterior portion of the shaft.
SHAFT OF THE HUMERUS
It is a groove in the shaft of the humerus for 💡radial nerve and 💡profunda brachii artery
Radial groove
It is a rough, slightly elevated 💡V-shaped surface, placed on the lateral anterior surface of the humeral shaft about its middle.
DELTOID TUBEROSITY
It is somewhat flattened distally, where the whole humeral shaft tends to incline forwards.
o The 💡medial epicondyle is grooved for the passage of the 💡ulnar nerve.
o The lateral supplies an origin for the 💡anconeus muscle.
o It includes the trochlea, capitulum, olecranon, coronoid, and radial fossae which makes up the condyles of the humerus.
Distal half
These are the fractures of the humerus:
Transverse Oblique Spiral Comminuted Segmental
It is the 💡more prominent of the two epicondyles
Medial Epicondyle
The medial epicondyle furnishes a surface for the origin of the:
- pronator teres
* superficial flexor muscles of the forearm
It is an epicondyle that serves for the attachment of the 💡common tendon of origin of the 💡extensor muscles of the forearm.
Lateral Epicondyle
The condyle has two articular surfaces:
A lateral capitulum (L. little head) for articulation with the head of the radius, and a medial, spool-shaped or pulley-like trochlea.
It articulates with the proximal surface of the
💡head of the radius.
Proximal to it, in front, is a 💡shallow depression (radial fossa), into which the margin of the head of the radius sinks when the elbow is strongly flexed.
CAPITULUM
It articulates with the 💡olecranon process of the ulna.
Trochlea
It is immediately 💡proximal to the trochlea, is a depression, into which the 💡coronoid process of the ulna slips in 💡flexion of the joint.
Coronoid Fossa
In a corresponding position on the 💡posterior aspect of the distal end of the body there is a 💡hollow where the 💡olecranon process of ulna sinks when the elbow is 💡extended.
Olecranon Fossa
Because of the 💡coronoid fossa being located directly opposite the olecranon fossa, this part of the distal humerus is 💡paper thin and predisposes it to fractures.
SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURE
It is the region between 💡elbow and wrist
Consists of 💡Radius and Ulna
💡Proximally articulates with humerus and 💡distally with carpals.
Radius and Ulna are interconnected by a ligament called 💡Interosseous Membrane.
Radius on the 💡lateral side whereas ulna at 💡medial side (Anatomical position).
Forearm
It is the 💡lateral (anatomical position) and 💡shorter of the two forearm bones.
Radius
The superior surface of the radial head articulates with the __.
capitulum
Medially the radial head articulates with the __ of the ulna.
radial notch
The radial bone consists of a:
o Proximal End
o Body
o Expanded Distal End
It region of the radial proximal end that has a 💡shallow concave surface proximally for 💡articulation with the capitulum.
It is embraced by the 💡Annular Ligament
Radial Head
It is a 💡constriction distal to the radial head
Radial Neck
It is a 💡 oval prominence on the medial side of the radial proximal end.
Radial tuberosity
💡Narrow proximally and 💡broader distally
💡Interosseous border
💡Anterior Oblique Line on the anterior surface. Posteriorly there is less distinct oblique line compared to anterior surface.
Radial body
It is a region of the radial bone which is 💡triangular in shape
It has 💡two facets for articulation with carpals (💡scaphoid and 💡lunate)
Radial Distal End
Prominent and turned forwards and rough at its edge
It is a region of the radial distal end which serves for the attachment of the 💡anterior part of the capsule of the wrist joint.
ANTERIOR BORDER
It is a region of the radial distal end that has a large 💡Dorsal Tubercle
It acts as a 💡pulley for the tendon of the 💡Extensor Pollicis Longus
POSTERIOR SURFACE
It lies to the 💡lateral side of the radial distal end
It is broad at its base, narrow and pointed distally
STYLOID PROCESS
It is a region in the radial distal end on the medial side for the 💡reception of the head of the ulna
ULNAR NOTCH
It is a fracture seen on the medial side for the 💡reception of the head of the ulna (ulnar notch)
COLLE’S FRACTURE
It is the 💡stabilizing bone of the forearm and is the 💡 medial (anatomical position) and 💡longer of the two forearm bones
Main bone responsible for forming the 💡elbow joint with the humerus
Ulna
The ulna consists of a:
o Large proximal end supporting the Olecranon and Coronoid processes
o Body or Shaft tapering distally
o Small rounded distal end called the HEAD
It is a region in the ulnar proximal end where it projects proximally from its posterior aspect (forming the 💡point of the elbow)
It serves as a 💡short lever for extension of the elbow
OLECRANON PROCESS
It is a region in the ulnar proximal end which is a 💡💡bracket like process, which projects forwards from the anterior and proximal part of the shaft
CORONOID PROCESS
§ nearly straight, or slightly curved
§ stout and thick proximally
§ gradually tapering towards its
§ distal extremity
Ulnar body or shaft
These are the 3 BORDERS of the ulnar body:
o Interosseous - crisp and sharp in the proximal three-fourths of the body, becomes faint and ill-defined in the distal fourth
o Posterior - curves laterally above and slightly medially below; continuous proximally with the triangular subcutaneous
area on the back of the olecranon process
o Anterior
These are the 3 SURFACES of the ulnar body:
o Anterior - corresponds to the front and medial side of the body.
o Posterior-lies between the posterior border and the interosseous crest
o Medial
It is a region in the ulnar distal end which is a 💡cylindrical pointed process that projects from the medial and posterior aspect
STYLOID PROCESS
See the human anatomy atlas for the clavicle
See the human anatomy atlas for the clavicle
The bones of the hand are 💡cartilaginous at birth. The 💡capitate begins to ossify during the 💡first year, and the others begin to ossify at intervals thereafter until the 💡12th year, when all the bones are ossified.
Hand
The hand includes the following bones:
o Carpus-wrist
o Metacarpals-palm
o Phalanges-fingers
It forms the wrist - the proximal region of the hand.
💡Gliding movements occur between carpals
Composed of 💡eight marble-sized bones
These carpus bones present on their anterior surface a concavity, to the lateral and medial edges of which is attached a strong membranous band called the 💡Flexor Retinaculum
An 💡Osteofascial tunnel, the carpal tunnel, is formed for the passage of the 💡median nerve and the flexor tendons of the fingers.
Carpal bones – arranged in two irregular rows
o Proximal row
o Distal row
Carpals
These are the CARPALS OF PROXIMAL ROW:
mnemonic: So Long To Pinky
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform
These are the CARPALS OF DISTAL ROW:
mnemonic: Here Comes The Thumb
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
It is a carpal of proximal row that is a 💡boat-shaped
It is the 💡largest and the 💡most lateral bone of the first row
It has a 💡prominent tubercle on its lateral palmar surface that is directed anteriorly
It is the 💡most frequently fractured wrist bone
SCAPHOID
It is usually caused by fall on outstretched hand with impact on 💡thenar eminence
Managed by: 💡Thumb Spica Cast and 💡Open reduction with bone grafting
Most common site: 💡middle third (waist)of scaphoid
Clinical findings: Pain, tenderness, and swelling in anatomic snuffbox
SCAPHOID FRACTURE
It is a carpal of proximal row that is 💡crescent shape.
💡Deeply excavated form
Lies between the 💡scaphoid on the lateral side and the 💡triquetrum on the medial side
Lunate
It is a carpal of proximal row which is 💡three-sided bone or 💡pyramidal bone on the medial side of the carpus
With a 💡small oval or circular facet for the pisiform on its anterior surface
TRIQUETRIUM
It is a carpal of proximal row which is about the size and shape of a 💡large pea
It rests on the 💡anterior surface of the triquetrum, with which it articulates by an 💡oval or circular facet on its dorsal aspect
PISIFORM
It is a carpal of the distal row which is 💡irregular four-sided
It is the 💡most lateral bone of the distal row of the carpus
It is 💡oval saddle-shaped facet on its distal surface for articulation with the metacarpal bone of the thumb
Trapezium
It is a carpal of the distal row that is a 💡wedge-shaped bone that 💡trapezium.
It’s rough anterior surface is small
It has a 💡pentagonal in outline
Trapezoid
It is a carpal of the distal row with a 💡head-shaped bone with a rounded extremity
It is the 💡largest of the carpal bones
Its anterior surface is rough and rounded
The proximal portion of the bone forms the 💡head
CAPITATE
It is a carpal of the distal row with a 💡hook-like process called 💡Hamulus, which projects from the distal and medial aspect of its anterior surface
Hamate
Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist to form the palm
o Numbered 1–5, beginning with the 💡Pollex (thumb)
o Bases articulate 💡proximally with the distal row of carpals
o Heads articulate 💡distally with the proximal phalanges
The first metacarpal bone of the thumb is the 💡shortest and 💡most mobile
Metacarpals
Each hand contains __ called PHALANGES
14 miniature long bones
They are the bones of the digits.
Thumb has no middle phalanx
Phalanges
Each finger has 3 phalanges:
PROXIMAL PHALANX
• 💡Longest and stoutest of the three
MIDDLEPHALANX
• Resembles the first in general form, but is of 💡smaller size
DISTAL PHALANX
• Smallest of the three
• 💡Spatula-shaped
