Introduction to Clinical Parasitology Flashcards
1
Q
The area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another.
A
Parasitology
2
Q
Concerned primarily with the animal parasites of humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities.
A
Medical Parasitology
3
Q
Deals with tropical diseases and other medical problems of tropical regions.
A
Tropical Medicine
4
Q
Give three Tropical Diseases and their cause of the disease
A
- Schistosomiasis - caused by Schistosoma
- Tremadomal - caused by Trematodes
- STH (Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis)
5
Q
Organism depending on another living creatures for existence
A
Parasite
6
Q
Parasites depends on the host for:
A
Nutrients
Survival
Protection
7
Q
Organism that supports or harbors parasite
A
Host
8
Q
Responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another.
A
Vector
9
Q
Number of new cases of infection in a population in a given period of time.
A
Incidence
10
Q
Number of new and old cases of infection in a population in a given period of time.
A
Prevalence
11
Q
Prevalence is reported in _____
A
Percentage
12
Q
Refers to the number of worms present per infected person
A
Worm Burden/Intensity of Infection
13
Q
Classification of Worm Burden/Intensity of Infection
A
Indirect Measure of Intensity of Infection
Direct Measure of Intensity of Infection
14
Q
Use of anti-helminthic/Anti-parasitic drug in public health program
A
Deworming
15
Q
Reduction to zero of a given infection brought only by joined efforts in a community
A
Elimination
16
Q
Primary Treatment
A
Deworming
17
Q
An example of Elimination is _____
A
Deworming
18
Q
Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection
A
Eradication
19
Q
The act or process of inoculation.
A
Exposure
20
Q
Introduction of infectious agent is through _____
A
Inoculation
21
Q
Animal parasites which are harmful, frequently causing local and systemic damage of one type or another.
A
Pathogenic Parasite
22
Q
Period between infection and evidence of symptoms
A
Incubation Period
23
Q
Classifications of Incubation Period
A
- Biological Incubation Period/Pre-patent Period
- Clinical Incubation Period
24
Q
It is the time interval between infection and demonstration of infection or parasite.
A
Biological Incubation Period/Pre-patent Period
25
It is the period between infection and evidence of symptoms
Clinical Incubation Period
26
Parasites live in the surface of the skin
Infestation
27
Parasite lives inside the human body
Infection
28
Classification of Infection
Superinfection/Hyperinfection
Autoinfection/Autoreinfection
Coinfection
29
When an individual harboring a parasite is reinfected with the same species leading to massive infection of the parasite
Superinfection/Hyperinfection
30
When the infected person is his own direct source of reexposure.
Autoinfection/Autoreinfection
31
When two different parasite enters the human body
Coinfection
32
List down the types of Parasites according to the Mode of Habitat
1. Ectoparasite
2. Endoparasite
3. Erratic Parasites
33
These are parasite living outside the body of the host
Ectoparasite
34
Do the Ectoparasite penetrate into the tissues or not?
Ectoparasite will not penetrate into the tissues
35
The cause of Ectoparasite is called as _____
Infestation
36
Parasite living inside the body of the host
Endoparasite
37
This is a type of parasite living within the body of the host (infection)
Endoparasite
38
A type of parasite that are responsible to cause human infections
Endoparasite
39
A type of Parasite that is found in an organ where it does not ordinarily live
Erratic Parasite
40
Types of parasites according to the Mode of Development
1. Obligate Parasite
2. Facultative Parasite
3. Incidental/Accidental Parasite
4. Parthenogenetic Parasite
41
A type of Parasite that depend entirely upon their host for existence.
Obligate Parasite
42
A type of Parasite that cannot live without the host
Obligate Parasite
43
A type of Parasite that exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises.
Facultative Parasite
44
A type of Parasite that establish itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live
Incidental/Accidental Parasite
45
A type of Parasite wherein the female parasite capable of reproducing eggs without being fertilized by male parasite and whose eggs contain larva that immediately hatches
Parthenogenic Parasite
46
Types of Parasites according to
Pathologic Locations
1. Spurious/Coprozoic Parasite
2. Coprophillic Parasite
3. Hematozoic Parasite
4. Cytozoic Parasite
5. Coelozoic Parasite
6. Enterozoic Parasite
47
A type of Parasite that passes digestive tract of humans without infecting them
Spurious/Coprozoic Parasite
48
A type of Parasite that multiply in fecal matter outside the human body
Coprophillic Parasite
49
A type of Parasite that live inside the red blood cells
Hematozoic Parasite
50
A type of Parasite that live inside the cells or tissues
Cytozoic Parasite
51
A type of Parasite that live in body cavities
Coelozoic Parasite
52
A type of Parasite that live in the intestine
Enterozoic Parasite
53
Give an example of Spurious/Coprozoic Parasite
Entamoeba coli
54
Give an example of Coprophillic Parasite
Amoeba
55
Give an example of Hematozoic Parasite
Plasmodia
56
Give an example of Cytozoic Parasite
Leishmania
57
Give an example of of Coelozoic Parasite
Trichomonas tenax
58
Give an example of Enterozoic Parasite
Taenia solium
Ascaris lumbricoides
59
Types of Parasites according to Duration of Parasitism
1. Permanent
2. Temporary
3. Intermittent
60
A type of Parasite that remains on the host on almost their entire life
Permanent
61
A type of Parasite that lives in human for a short period of time
Temporary
62
A type of Parasite that go to the body of the host to obtain nutrients
Intermittent
63
Types of Vector
1. Mechanical/Phoretic Vector
2. Biological Vector
64
A type of Vector wherein the parasite is only seen on the surface of this organism and there will be no development on the parasite
Mechanical/Phoretic Vector
65
Examples of Mechanical/Phoretic Vector
Cockroaches
House Flies
66
A type of Vector in which the parasite is seen inside the body of this organism and the parasite needs this organism for its development
Biological Vector
67
Examples of Biological Vector
Mosquitoes
Tsetse Flies
68
Host in which the adult sexual phase of parasite development occurs
Definitive Host
69
Host that harbor adult forms of parasites; it is the final host.
Definitive Host
70
Host in which the larval asexual phase of parasite development occurs
Intermediate Host
71
Host that harbor early form of parasite
Intermediate Host
72
Host harboring parasites that are parasitic for humans and continues the life cycle of the parasite
Reservoir Host
73
Type of host that can be an additional source of infection
Reservoir Host
74
Host that harbors parasite that do not develop further into its final stage; no continuation of life cycle
Paratenic Host
75
Type of Host in which the parasite is in its arrested state of development
Paratenic Host
76
Host responsible for transferring a parasite from one location to another
Transport Host
77
Parasite harboring host that is not exhibiting any clinical symptoms but can infect others
Carrier
78
Factors to consider to be a Carrier
1. If the immune system is still intact
2. When the inoculation of parasites is few in numbers
79
Types of Parasites according to Clinical Significance
1. Diagnostic Stage
2. Infective Stage
80
Parasitic stage of development that is seen in clinical samples when examined in the laboratory
Diagnostic Stage
81
Parasitic stage of development that is infectious or able to cause disease to the host upon exposure
Infective Stage
82
Identify the Biological Relationship:
Living together; the association of two unlike living organisms
Symbiosis
83
Identify the Biological Relationship:
Association of two different species of organisms that is beneficial to one and neutral to other
Commensalism
84
Identify the Biological Relationship:
Association of two different species of organism that is beneficial to both
Mutualism
85
Identify the Biological Relationship:
Association of two different species of organisms that is beneficial to one at the other’s expense
Parasitism
86
Types of Portals:
1. Portal of Entry
2. Portal of Exit
87
Particular site of the body where the parasite prefer to enter.
Portal of Entry
88
Site of the body where the parasite moves out
Portal of Exit
89
What are the possible sites for Portal of Entry of Parasites?
Mouth
Skin
Percutaneous
Inhalation
Secretions
Sexually Transmitted
90
Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:
Ingestion of contaminated food or drink (primarily water)
Cyst of Entamoeba histolytica
Cyst of Giardia lamblia
91
Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:
Hand-to-mouth transfer
Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides
Eggs of Trichuris trichiura
92
Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:
Insect bite
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugaria malayi
93
Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:
Entering via drilling through the skin
Schistosoma sp.
Hookworm
94
Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:
Unprotected sexual relations
Trichomonas vaginalis
95
Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:
Mouth-to-mouth contact
Trichomonas tenax
96
Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:
Eating raw or inadequately cooked foods
Echinostoma ilocanum (snails)
Capillaria philippinensis (fish)
Diphyllobothrium latum (fish)
Taenia saginata (beef)
Taena solium (pork)
97
Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:
Domestic animals
Dipylidium caninum (dog)
Hymenolepis diminuta (rat)
98
A parasite life cycle consist of two common phases which are _____ and _____
Simple (one host)
Complex (one or more host)
99
Components of Life Cycle of Parasites
1. Mode of Transmission
2. Morphologic form that invaded humans (Infective Stage)
3. Forms that can be detected via laboratory retrieval methods (Diagnostic Stage)
100
Individuals at risk for parasitic infection:
* Individuals in underdeveloped areas and countries
* Refugees
* Immigrants
* Visitors from foreign countries
* Individuals who are immunocompromised
* Individuals living in close quarters (e.g., prisons)
* Children who attend day care centers
101
Treatment for parasitic infection:
* Anti-parasitic drugs
* Chemotherapy
* Surgical intervention
102
Genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a worm population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose
Drug Resistance
103
Prevention for Parasitic Infection:
* Sanitation
* Development and implementation of parasite awareness (Education programs)
* Use of insecticides and other chemicals
* Use of protective clothing/protective netting
* Proper water treatment
* Good personal hygiene
* Proper handling, cooking, and protection of food
* Avoidance of unprotected sexual relations
