Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

module 103 - theme 3 > introduction to circulation > Flashcards

introduction to circulation Flashcards

1
Q

what are 2 functions of circulation?

A
  • supply oxygen to tissues

- remove waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where do pathologies in circulation arise from?

A
  • diminished oxygen

- diminished perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the single objective of the cardiovascular system?

A

perfusion (flow through a given tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what leads to hypertension?

A

vessel damage, heart damage, many pathologies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what leads to hypotension?

A

syncope (or shock)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what leads to shock?

A

insufficient perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which side of the heart is responsible for pulmonary circulation?

A

right side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what side of the heart is responsible for systemic circulation?

A

left side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are some functions of cardiovascular circulation?

A
  • carry oxygen, glucose & nutrients to cells
  • removes waste: carbon dioxide & heat
  • homeostasis of the extracellular fluid
  • distribution of hormones
  • temperature regulation
  • defence against infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the key blood pressure equations?

A

BP = CO x PR

CO = cardiac output 
PR = peripheral resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the function of the aorta?

A

stretch & recoil, stores energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the function of the arteries?

A

distribute, volume adjust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the function of the arterioles?

A

regulates caps, resistance, set BP & TPR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of the capillaries?

A

exchange (gas, nutrients & fluid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of the venules?

A

collect blood, some exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function of the veins?

A

reservoir for blood (nearly 2/3of blood volume), muscle pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe a few distinctive features of the pulmonary circulation

A
  • right ventricle
  • thin walled
  • crescent X-section
  • lungs only
  • low pressure
  • high flow
  • low resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe a few distinctive features of the systemic circulation

A
  • left ventricle
  • thick wall
  • circular X-section
  • multiple organs
  • high pressure
  • variable flow
  • variable resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is systole?

A

when ventricles contract, blood is ejected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is diastole?

A

when ventricles relax, blood can fill the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the apex beat?

A

at systole the apex of heart moves forward and strikes chest wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are valves?

A

flaps of tissue inside a blood vessel, they guarantee one-way flow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

when do valves open?

A

when pressure is higher on the inflow side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

when do valves close?

A

when the pressure is higher on the outflow side

25
Q

how many leaflets do heart valves have?

A

3 leaflets except mitral (bicuspid) valve

26
Q

what is the function of the chordae tendinae?

A

stop valve leaflets from flipping inside out

27
Q

what are the 13 steps in order of the blood circulation in the heart?

A

1) superior & inferior vena cava (arrives deoxygenated)
2) right atrium
3) tricuspid valve
4) right ventricle
5) pulmonary valve
6) pulmonary artieries
7) lungs (oxygenated)
8) pulmonary veins
9) left atrium
10) mitral (bicuspid) valve
11) left ventricle
12) aortic valve
13) systemic circulation

28
Q

which 2 valves are artioventricular?

A

mitral and tricuspid

29
Q

which 2 valves are semilunar?

A

aortic and pulmonary

30
Q

describe the atrioventricular valves & what their function is

A
  • papillary fibres (prolapse)
  • close during systole
  • S1: first heart sound (lub)
31
Q

describe the semilunar valves & what their function is

A
  • moon shaped
  • close during diastole
  • S2: second heart sound (dub)
32
Q

which is longer: systole or diastole?

A

diastole

33
Q

how does the heart contract?

A
  • heart muscular cell is electrically stimulated by a neighbour & conducting system
  • myocyte becomes electrically activated by an action potential
  • free intracellular calcium increases
  • muscle contracts
  • calcium is removed & muscle relaxes
34
Q

is an extracell or intracell positive?

A

intracell

35
Q

what is blood pressure determined by?

A

circulating blood volume & circulatory capacity

36
Q

what are the kidneys controlled by?

A

endocrine system & autonomic nervous system

37
Q

how do you decrease filtration in the kidney?

A

constrict afferent artery

38
Q

how do you increase filtration in the kidney?

A

dilating afferent artery & constricting efferent artery

39
Q

what is the 1 input of the kidney?

A

afferent arteriole

40
Q

what are the 2 exits in the kidney?

A

into the Bowman’s capsule or the efferent arteriole

41
Q

what is the glomerular filtrate rate (GFR) measured in?

A

ml/min

42
Q

what happens when glomerular filtrate rate is increased?

A

fluid lost to urine

43
Q

what happens when there is increased renal blood flow?

A

increased glomerular filtrate rate

44
Q

what is anoxia?

A

complete deprivation of oxygen supply

45
Q

what is anaemia?

A

low haemoglobin

46
Q

what is ischaemia?

A

insufficient blood flow to a region

47
Q

what causes ischaemia?

A
  • clog, constriction or closed blood vessel
  • insufficient blood volume
  • insufficient pressure generation of the heart
48
Q

what is angina pectoris?

A
  • a symptom

- chest pain due to over-exertion of (damaged) heart tissue

49
Q

how do you treat angina pectoris?

A

nitrate for immediate relief

50
Q

what is the immediate cause of angina pectoris?

A

ischaemia or heart tissue due to an obstruction (or spasm) of a coronary artery

51
Q

what is a myocardial infarction (MI)?

A
  • death of one region in the heart

- sudden crushing chest pain

52
Q

what causes a myocardial infarction?

A

occlusion of a coronary artery

53
Q

what is the treatment for a myocardial infarction?

A
  • immediate reperfusion (PCI)

- morphine, oxygen, nitrates, aspirin

54
Q

what is heart failure?

A
  • heart pumps out insufficient blood

- results from previous MIs

55
Q

what are the symptoms of heart failure?

A

fatigue, dyspnoea, oedema

56
Q

what is shock?

A

critically low perfusion

57
Q

what does shock affect?

A

cerebral & renal function

58
Q

what is syncope?

A

loss of consciousness (fainting)

59
Q

what causes syncope?

A

insufficient blood flow to the brain caused by a heart malfunction (shock & arrhythmia)

module 103 - theme 3 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions