Introduction To Cells

Question 1

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 1

Prokaryotes:
- No nuclei
- No membrane bound organelle
- smaller and less dna
- single celled organism

Eukaryotes:
- Larger and more complex
- single and multi-celled
- nucleus

Question 2

What is the difference between animal and plant cells?

Answer 2

Animal cells do not have chloroplasts, vacuoles, or cell walls

Question 3

Describe the origin of the mitochondria

Answer 3

1. The mitochondria began as a anaerobic cell and an aerobic bacteria
2. Through a process of phagocytosis, the aerobic bacteria was absorbed by the anaerobic cell. During this process, the aerobic bacteria lost its outer membrane.
3. The two cells formed a symbiotic relationship, where the larger anaerobic cell provided shelter for the smaller bacteria and the small bacteria provided energy for the large cell
4. An early mitochondria was formed with two double membranes.

Question 4

What is endosymbiont hypothesis

Answer 4

Cell which lives inside another cell with mutual benefit

Question 5

Is there evident to support E.H.

Answer 5

1. Chloroplasts and Mitochondria entire genome still has genetic systems that resemble modern day prokaryotes
2. The process of transcription and translation and double membrane resemble modern day prokaryotes

Question 6

What does the elaborate central dogma look like? Label and give a short description for each

Answer 6

Genome (all dna sequences in an organism) Transcriptome (all rna sequences) Proteome (all protein sequences)

DNA ——->(transcription RNA ————>(Translation) Protein
Organization
Reproduction

Question 7

Fill in the blank: DNA, RNA, and protein are synthesized…

Answer 7

As linear chains of polarity

Question 8

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 8

Deoxyribonucleic acid is missing an oxygen on its 2’
Ribonucleic acids contain uracil instead of thymine

Question 9

What is a Nucleotide?

Answer 9

They are the building blocks of DNA. They are also the subunits of nucleic acids

Question 10

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 10

A phosphate group that is attached to a sugar by the 5’ carbon and a base which is attached to 1’ carbon

Question 11

What are the bases?

Answer 11

Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine, Adenine, Uracil

Question 12

Which of the bases are purines? Pyrimidines

Answer 12

Purines: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidine: Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine

Question 13

What is the difference between nucleoside and nucleotide?

Answer 13

Nucleoside: base+sugar
Nucleotide: phosphate+base+sugar

Question 14

What links nucleotides?

Answer 14

A 3’ sugar and 5’ carbon on a phosphate

Question 15

T/F Interactions between individual molecules are held by weak covalent bonds?

Answer 15

False. They are held by non covalent bonds

Question 16

What three forces keep DNA intact?

Answer 16

Hydrogen bonds
Hydrophobic interactions: the rings being on the inside
Van der waal attractions: base stacking

Question 17

Fill in the blank. DNA is ________ and __________

Answer 17

Anti-parallel; complementary

Question 18

What are the ends of DNA composed of?

Answer 18

5’ phosphate
3’ hydroxyl