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Cellular Metabolism > Introduction to Cell Metabolism > Flashcards

Introduction to Cell Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Which statement BEST describes the first law of thermodynamics?

A. The total entropy of a system must increase if a process is to occur spontaneously.
B. Within a total system, energy may increase when transferred to one part or another.
C. One form of energy may be transformed into another kind of energy.
D. In an isolated system, the total entropy change is negative.

A

C

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2
Q

Which statement BEST describes the change in free energy (∆G) of a reaction?

A. A thermodynamic property of a reaction that is indicative of the reaction rates.
B. It is a measure of the decree of randomness in a system.
C. It is a measure of the energy associated with work in biological system.
D. It is a measure of the reaction energy when the concentration of reactants and products are one molar at any temperature.

A

C

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3
Q

Which thermodynamic term best describes a metabolic reaction that is spontaneous?

A. It has a high enthalpy.
B. It has a negative free energy value.
C. It has a positive free energy value.
D. It has low entropy.

A

B

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4
Q

How are endergonic cellular reactions driven to completion in the cell?

A. By coupling with an exergonic reaction
B. By increasing enzyme concentration
C. By increasing the temperature
D. By binding with ADP

A

A

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5
Q

Which of the following processes is exergonic?

A. Nervous excitation
B. Active transport
C. Muscular contraction
D. Fuel oxidation

A

D

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6
Q

Most major metabolic pathways are considered to be either mainly anabolic or catabolic. Which of the following pathways is considered amphibolic?

A. Lipolysis
B. Glycolysis
C. Citric acid cycle
D. Gluconeogenesis

A

C

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7
Q

Which of the following statements BEST describes the TCA cycle?

A. It is the principal source of reducing equivalents for the electron transport chain
B. It has both anabolic and catabolic phases.
C. It is the final common pathway for the catabolism of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids.
D. All of the above.

A

D

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8
Q

Which pathway does not provide reducing equivalents /electrons to the electron transport chain?

A. Citric acid cycle
B. Glycogenolysis
C. Beta-oxidation
D. Aerobic glycolysis

A

B

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9
Q

Which reaction/s is/are involved the synthesis of ATP?

A. Oxidative phosphorylation
B. Substrate level phosphorylation
C. Covalent modification
D. All of the above
E. A and B only.
A

D

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10
Q

Muscle contraction causes an immediate increase in the rate of oxidative phosphorylation. Which statement BEST explain the effect of contraction?

A. It increases the pH.
B. It increases the NAD+ concentration.
C. It increases the activity of phosphofructokinase.
D. It increases the ADP concentration.

A

D

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11
Q

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding KM ?

A. KM is expressed in units of concentration (e.g., moles per liter).
B. KM is the substrate concentration at which an enzyme is saturated.
C. As the affinity of enzyme for substrate decreases, KM also decreases.
D. both A and B

A

A

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12
Q

From which of the following biochemical components are coenzymes typically derived?

A. Vitamins
B. Minerals
C. Proteins
D. Both A and B

A

A

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13
Q

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding enzyme inhibition?

A. Competitive inhibition and noncompetitive inhibition are both reversible.
B. Competitive inhibition is reversed by addition of excess substrate.
C. Reversible inhibition typically entails covalent bond formation.
D. Both A and B

A

D

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14
Q

By definition, which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding a pair of isozymes?

A. They catalyze the same chemical reaction.
B. Their amino acid sequences are identical.
C. Their molecular masses are identical.
D. Both A and B

A

A

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15
Q

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding competitive inhibition?

A. It typically entails an apparent increase in the value of KM.
B. The inhibitor is typically a structural analog of a substrate or transition state.
C. The inhibitor typically binds to an allosteric site.
D. Both A and B

A

D

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16
Q

What is the typical function of pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor?

A. Carrier for long-chain fatty acids
B. Carrier for acetyl groups
C. Carrier for methyl groups
D. Carrier for amino groups

A

D

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17
Q

Which of the following reactions is catalyzed by a racemase?

A. Interconversion of cis and trans double bonds in fatty acid chains
B. Interconversion of alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-glucopyranose
C. Interconversion of L-alanine and D-alanine
D. Interconversion of NADH and NADPH

A

C

18
Q

Amplification works in metabolic regulation by

A. Allowing a small amount of signal molecule to cause an increased intracellular transduction
B. Stimulating a signal at a long distance
C. An increase in the amount of ligand molecules
D. An increase in the amount of receptor molecules

A

A

19
Q

Which of the following statements BEST describes “amplification”?

A. This refers to small biomolecules giving rise to larger and more complex molecules
B. This is a cascade or series of non-covalent modification of allosteric sites.
C. Repeated formation of non-covalent bonds is necessary to make this happen
D. This is a phenomenon which allows small hormone signals to manifest as large effects.

A

D

20
Q

Which of the following statements BEST describes allosteric modification?

A. This involves the formation of covalent bonds in the enzyme active site
B. Phosphorylation of an enzyme is a common example of this mechanism
C. One effector molecule needs to bind with one enzyme to modify its activity
D. Increased genetic transcription is a key feature of this mechanism

A

C

21
Q

Which of the following is TRUE about major biomolecules?

a. Carbohydrate energy stores are bulky and not readily available
b. Fat stores are compact and readily available
c. Amino acids are glucose sources but have other uses
d. All of the above

A

C

22
Q

What’s the difference between synthases and synthetases?

A

Synthetases require nucleotide triphosphates as energy source. Synthases catalyze condensations with no nucelotide triphosphate requirement as energy source

23
Q

Which type of enzymes catalyze phosphorylation?

A

Kinases

24
Q

Which type of enzymes catalyze phosphorolysis?

A

Phosphorylases

25
Q

What’s the difference between phosphorolysis and phosphorylation?

A

Phosphorolysis is a displacement reaction in which phosphate is the attacking spicies and becomes covalently attached at the point of breakage. Phosphorylation is a transfer of a phosphoryl group from a nucleoside triphosphate to an acceptor molecule.

26
Q

Which type of enzyme catalyze dephosphorylation?

A

Phosphatases

27
Q

What is dephosphorylation?

A

The removal of a phosphoryl group from a phosphoryl ester with water as the attacking species

28
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Transfer of a phosphoryl group from a nucleoside triphosphate to an acceptor molecule

29
Q

What is phosphorolysis?

A

The displacement reaction in which phosphate is the attacking spicies and becomes covalently attached at the point of breakage.

30
Q

Which reactions do phosphatases catalyze?

A

Dephosphorylation

31
Q

Which reactions do synthases catalyze?

A

Condensations that do not require nucelotide triphosphates as source of energy

32
Q

Which reactions do phosphorylases catalyze?

A

Phosphorolysis

33
Q

Which reactions do synthetases catalyze?

A

Condensations that require nucelotide triphosphates as source of energy

34
Q

Which reactions do kinases catalyze?

A

Transfer of a phosphoryl group from a nucleoside triphosphate to an acceptor molecule

35
Q

Gibb’s free energy is the combination of the combination of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. What does Gibbs’ free energy measure?

A. measurement of the redox potential
B.mesurement of dicorder
C. rate of reaction and formation of products
D. measurement of useful work

A

D

36
Q

Which of the following is/are identified from the standard free energy change?

a. A positive H
b. pH 7.0 and 25 degrees centigrade
c. 1M concentration of both reactions and products
d. All of the above
e. b and c only

A

B

37
Q

What 2 processes produce ATP through substrate level phosphorylation?

A. glycolysis and kreb’s cycle
B. ETC and glycolysis
C. Kreb’s cycle and ETC
D. none of the above

A

A

38
Q

What is the role of ADP in cellular respiration?

A. participates in glycolysis & TCA cycle
B. signals low energy
C. key role as “acceptor”
D. AOTA

A

D

39
Q

Which of these statements show consistency in covalent modification?

A. CAMP dependent protein kinase activates glycogen synthase
B. cAMP dependent protein kinase activates glycogen phosphorylase
C. Insulin dependent protein phosphatase inhibit glycogen synthase
D. Insulin dependent protein phosphatase activate glycogen phosphorylase.

A

B

40
Q

which of the following reactions does not allow the product to pass through the cell membrane?

A. fatty acid + CoA Acyl Coa
B. fructose fructose6P
C. formation of LDL
D. glycogen glucose-1-P

A

B

41
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the effect of insulin in metab regulation?

A, Insulin phosphorylates protein phosphatase which
activates it.
B. Insulin decreases cAMP levels inhibiting hormone-
sensitive lipase
C. Insulin phosphorylates glycogen synthase which activates it.
D. Insulin dephosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase which activates it.

A

B

Cellular Metabolism (8 decks)

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