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Med/Surg 1 Exam 2 > Introduction To Cancer > Flashcards

Introduction To Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When a cell splits into 2 genetically identical daughter cells

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2
Q

What is meiosis?

A

When a cell splits but keeps only half the genetic chromosomes (23 vs normal 46)

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3
Q

In what type of cells does meiosis only occur?

A

Sex cells of testes and ovaries

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4
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Normal process where cells change in order to specialize for certain body functions

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5
Q

What are some alterations to cells?

A

Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Anaplasia

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6
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

An increase in number or density of normal cells

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7
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Change in the normal pattern of cell differentiation (cells ain’t where they are supposed to be)

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8
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Cells that differentiate in abnormal ways

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9
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Immature or undifferentiated cell reproduction

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10
Q

What is cancer marked by?

A

Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

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11
Q

Another name for tumor:

A

Neoplasm

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12
Q

What is a neoplasm

A

Mass of new tissue which grows independently from surrounding tissues and has no function

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13
Q

Characteristics of benign tumors:

A
  • Localized growths
  • Solid, well defined borders
  • Grow slowly and remain stable in size
  • Inhibition
  • Usually easily removed and don’t recur
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14
Q

Why can benign still cause problems?

A

Crowding and obstructions

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15
Q

What is inhibition?

A

Stop growing when they reach the border of other tissues

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16
Q

Characteristics of malignant tumors

A
  • Grows aggressively
  • Irregular in shape, no defined borders
  • Cuts through other tissues causing injury
  • Varying degrees of differentiation from parent cells
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17
Q

Characteristics of malignant cells

A
  • Unregulated mitosis
  • Loss of specialization and differentiation
  • No contact inhibition
  • Altered cell structure
  • Transplantability
  • Promote own survival
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18
Q

Progressive mutations can lead to?

A

Greater deviation and sometimes immortality

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19
Q

What is transplantability?

A

Ability to break away and grow elsewhere

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20
Q

How does malignant cells promote their own survival?

A

Create vascular and support structures for own use

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21
Q

What is the key step that separates benign from malignant tumors?

A

Angiogenesis

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22
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Formation of new blood vessels from old

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23
Q

How is angiogenesis used in normal body function?

A

Integral in would healing formation of granulation tissue

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24
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Process where cancer cells spread from their primary site to distant organs and tissues

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25
Q

What happens as malignant cells spread?

A

They access vascular and lymphatic systems (even possible to create their own) allowing them to spread to distant parts of the body

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26
Q

What two primary factors are central to all origins of cancer?

A

Carcinogens

Immune impairment

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27
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Substances which can cause genetic mutation in cells through exposure

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28
Q

What is immune impairment?

A

Lessens bodies ability to fight and control abnormal cell growth

29
Q

Carcinogens can either be?

Examples?

A

External: chemicals, substances, viruses
Internal: inherited mutations, hormones

30
Q

What are some general risk factors?

A 
Heredity
Age 
Gender
Poverty 
Stress
Diet: obesity 
Occupation 
Infections 
Tobacco, recreational drug, and alcohol use
Sun exposure
31
Q

Where does mutation occur?

A

Cells’ DNA

32
Q

How do these mutations occur?

A

Can be inherited via genetic link from parents or acquired during life due to exposure to carcinogens

33
Q

Initiation of cancer cells?

A

CA cells arise from “normal” cells due to change in the cells’ genetic structure

34
Q

Exposure to promoting agents causes mutations to do what?

A

Express themselves and/or mutated cells to proliferate

35
Q

Some carcinogens function as both what?

A

Initiators and promoters

36
Q

What happens during progression?

A
  • Cancer cells increase in proliferation rate
  • Formation of tumor
  • Spread of cancer cells outside of tumor
37
Q

Summary: Initiation

A

Initiators cause cellular mutation

38
Q

Summary: Promotion

A

Carcinogen exposure causes expression of mutant genetics

39
Q

Summary: Progression

A

Increasing malignant behavior and spread

40
Q

What are some ways of prevention?

A
  • Avoiding exposure to carcinogens/reducing risk factors
  • Follow workplace safety guidelines
  • General lifestyle changes
41
Q

What are some general lifestyle changes?

A 
Quit smoking/limit drinking 
Eat healthy 
Wear sunscreen/limit sun exposure 
Exercise 
Stress reduction
42
Q

What are some ways of diagnosing cancer?

A 
Imaging 
Cytology 
Tumor markers
Visualization 
Lab tests: blood, urine 
Grading 
Staging
43
Q

Examples of imaging

A 
X-ray 
CT
MRI
Ultrasounds
Angiography
44
Q

What is cytology?

A

Tissue sample taken from fluid aspiration, biopsy

45
Q

Which examination of cells can reveal differences in tumor cell from normal or parent cells?

A

Cytological

46
Q

What are tumor markers?

A

Biochemical indicators of tumors which can be found in ALL body tissue when tumors are present

47
Q

Examples of visualization

A

Colonoscopy

Bronchoscopy

48
Q

What does diagnosis grading mean?

A

Level of differentiation from parent cell

49
Q

TNM stands for

A

Tumor- size of tumor
Node- lymph node involvement
Metastasis- spread to other areas

50
Q

What are some types of medical treatments?

A

Surgery
Pharmacological (chemotherapy)
Radiation

51
Q

What does nursing care post surgery include?

A

General post op care
TCDB
Monitor for bleeding
Infection control

52
Q

Anti-neoplastic meds inhibit?

A

DNA and/or RNA production or replication f

53
Q

Anti-neoplastic: Alkylating

A

Busulfan

Cylophophamide

54
Q

Anti-neoplastic: Antibiotics

A

Bleomycin

Dactinomycin

55
Q

Anti-neoplastic: Antimetabolites

A

Fluorouracil

Methotrexate

56
Q

Nursing care for Chemo: Hormones

A

Block hormones used for cancer cell growth

57
Q

Nursing care for Chemo: Antianemics

A

Help support RBC

Correct anemia

58
Q

General Chemo side effects include?

A 
GI upsets
Alopecia 
Fatigue 
Anemia 
Neutropenia 
Thrombocytopenia
59
Q

What is part of nursing care for chemo patients?

A
  • Infection control: neutropenic precautions
  • Promote fluid intake and nutriton
  • Monitor kidney, liver function (especially with anti-neoplastic drugs)
  • Activity tolerance
  • Educate on side effects/changes: urine color change
  • Psychosocial, sexual, spiritual health
60
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of cancer?

A 
Change in normal body functions (bowel, bladder pattern, GI upset)
Hematological changes
Infection 
Cachexia
Paraneoplastic syndromes 
Pain 
Psychological stress
61
Q

Nursing care for external beam

A

Monitor site
Educate patient on cleaning (mild soap, pat dry, don’t soak)
Protect yourself

62
Q

Nursing care for Brachytherapy

A

Minimize time in room/maintain distance
Don’t dislodge pellet
Keep lead container and tongs in room
Activity, skin tears, hazards of immobility

63
Q

What is brachytherapy?

A

Placing radioactive material directly inside or next to tumor

64
Q

What is an external beam?

A

High energy x-ray machine to direct radiation to tumor

65
Q

What is the machine used for external beam therapy?

A

Linear accelerator

66
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Wasting/rapid weight loss caused by metabolic demands of cancer

67
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Caused by production of biological chemicals at sites OTHER THAN where cancer is

68
Q

What is tumor lysis syndrome?

A

Breakdown of cancer cells = increase in intracellular contents in circulation

Med/Surg 1 Exam 2 (6 decks)

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