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Pain > Introduction to brain structure and function > Flashcards

Introduction to brain structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the wrinkles in the brain called

A

sulci

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2
Q

What are the outward folds in the brain called

A

gyri

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3
Q

What are the outermost layers of the brain

A

Scalp
Periosteum
Bone

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4
Q

Whta are the meninges of the brain

A 
Dura mater (outermost)
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater (innermost)
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5
Q

What is the Pia mater

A

tiny delicate membrane which follows all the contours of the brain

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6
Q

What is the dura mater

A

Provides protection. It Is hard

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7
Q

What are the three folds or reflections of the dura mater

A

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli

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8
Q

What are the tectorial tumours

A

INfratentorial (inside the tentorium cerebelli)

Supratentorial (on top of the tentorium cerebelli)

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9
Q

Where are the arachnoid granulations located close to and why

A

Longitudinal fissure (line which divides the two hemispheres)

Because it is close to massive draining vein and their main job is to reabsorb CSF back into venous circulation

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10
Q

What is a subarachnoid haemarrhage and what is the issue

A

Bleed inside arachnoid mater.

Blood accumulates and so the brain is being compressed

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11
Q

What is a subdural bleed and what is the issue

A

Leak in a vein outside the meninges and it is causing compression of the brain downwards

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12
Q

What is an epidural bleed and what is an advantage of it

A

Bleed above the dura

Blood has a way of exiting the brain so there is no compression of the brain

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13
Q

What does the falx cerebri do

A

Separates hemispheres

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14
Q

What does the tentorium cerebelli do

A

Separates cerebellum from occipital lobes

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15
Q

What does the falx cerebelli do

A

Separates cerebellar hemispheres

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16
Q

What does the arachnoid mater contain

A

Blood vessels, cerebral spinal fluid and granulations to drain CSG back into venous system

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17
Q

What are the different sulci of the brain on outside

A

Lateral sulcus (runs from anterior to posterior)

Precentral sulcus

Central sulcus

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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18
Q

What are the different sulci in the medial aspect of the brain

what is an easy way of identifying cingulate sulcus

A

Cingulate sulcus (runs parallel with the white matter tract).

Perieto-occipital sulcus

Calcarine sulcus

Can identify it using the marginal sulcus which is an upwards curve continuous with the cingulate sulcus

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19
Q

What does the central sulcus do

A

Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

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20
Q

What does lateral fissure divide

A

Temporal lobe from frontal lobe and parietal lobe

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21
Q

What does perito-occipital sulcus divide

A

Parietal lobe from occipital lobe

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22
Q

What does the frontal lobe have a role in

A

Personality
Attention
Motivation
Planning movement

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23
Q

What does the parietal lobe have a role in

A

Integrating sensory info

Language processing

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24
Q

What does the temporal lobe have a role in

A

Memory
Sensory processing
Language comprehension

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25
Q

What does the occipital lobe have a role in

A

Vision

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26
Q

What are the 3 parts of brain

A

Hindbrain
MIdbrain
Forebrain

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27
Q

What is the hindbrain divided into and in turn what parts of the brain do these include

A

Metecephalon: pons+cerebellum

Myelencephalon-medulla oblongata

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28
Q

What is the part of the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon: tectum+ tegmentum+cerebral peduncles

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29
Q

What is the forebrain divided into and what doe this include

A

Diencephalon: thalamus+hypothalamus

Telencephalon: basal ganglia and cortex

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30
Q

role of cerebellum

A

balance

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31
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brainstem (from bottom to top_

A

medulla
pons
Midbrain

32
Q

Where is thalamus located

A

above the midbrain and it looks like a walnut

33
Q

Where is hippocampus and what does it do

A

Memory

stretches over the thalamus

34
Q

What is the giant white matter in the middle of the brain called

A

Corpus callosum

35
Q

What are the bumps on the midbrain called when looking at the brain from an inferior aspect

A

tectum: superior (top 2) and inferior (bottom 2) colliculi

Involved in vision and hearing

36
Q

If you look at a transverse section of the midbrain, you can see Mickey Mouse.

What are the ears called

What is the mouth area called

what is the gray matter around the mouth called

What is the headband called

What are the eyes called

A

Cerebral peduncles

cerebral aqueduct

Pariacqueductal gray

Substantia nigra (source of dopamine)

red nucleus

37
Q

What does medulla have a role in

A

respiration
heart rate
vomiting
sneezing

38
Q

What does the hippocampus have a role in

A

Memory and spatial navigation

39
Q

What does the caudate nucleus and putamen (basal ganglia) have a role in

A

Planning movement, cognition and emotion

40
Q

How does the CSF travel through the ventricular system

A

From the lateral ventricles (in frontal lobe)

Then through inter ventricular foramen into Third Ventricle

travels inferiorly to cerebral aqueduct (mickeys mouth)

Then goes down to the Fourth ventricle

41
Q

role of CSF

A

Assists circulating substances, provides cushioning and absorbs shock

42
Q

Where is cSF produced and what does this also act as

A

Choroid plexus

Choroid plexus also acts as a medium of exchange between the extracellular fluid and the blood stream

43
Q

What is the cisterna magna

A

Its between the brain stem and the cerebellum and its where CSF accumulates sometimes

44
Q

What is the large vein going around the brain

A

Superior saggiata sinus (in close contact with the arachnoid granulation)

45
Q

What is hydrocephalus

When does it normally occur
-How do you treat

A

Accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid (the lateral ventricles would be enlarged in MRI due to build up of CSF)

–>Occurs commonly during birth

-Receive a shunt which takes CSF out and probably deliver it to the stomach

46
Q

How can you assess CSF and why is it done this way

A

In the lumbar spine (L3/5)

in subarachnoid space. Less likely to damage Spinal cord because there are loose Cauda equina

47
Q

What arteries supply the anterior aspect of the brain

A

The two carotid arteries

48
Q

What arteries supply the posterior aspect of the brain

A

Two vertebral arteries

49
Q

What arteries supply the cerebellum

A

Inferior posterior cerebellar

Inferior anterior cerebellar

Superior cerebellar

50
Q

What does the basilar artery supply and what does it look like

A

Has lots of little branches

Supplies Pons

51
Q

What does posterior cerebral artery supply

A

Posterior aspect of the temporal lobes

Inferior aspect of temporal lobes

HIpoccampus

Medial aspects of occipital lobes

52
Q

What does the posterior and anterior circulation connect by

A

Circle of Willis (posterior communicating artery)

53
Q

What is largest artery that comes off the internal carotid artery

A

Middle cerebral artery

54
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

Portion of frontal lobe

Lateral surface of temporal and parietal lobes

55
Q

What do the lenticular-striate arteries supply

A

Basal ganglia

56
Q

What vein round along outside of brain

A

Superior sagittal sinus

57
Q

What does the different l sinuses drain into

A

Confluence

58
Q

What other sinuses drain into confluence

A

Inferior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Occipital sinus

59
Q

where does venous drainage go to after draining into confluence

A

Transverse sinus then sigmoid sinus then external jugular vein

60
Q

What does the blood brain barrier do

A

Is an interface that ensures the circulatory system blood is kept separate from csf

61
Q

What are blood vessels in the BBB composed of

What surrounds the endothelial cells

A

Endothelial cells which have tight junctions

Basement membrane

62
Q

What molecules are allowed to pass in the brain and which aren’t

A

Are: smack molecules like o2, co2, glucose, or select amino acids

aren’t: pathogens and larger molecules like antibodies

63
Q

What also play a role in maintaining the BBB

A

Pericytes and astrocytes

64
Q

What do pericytes do

A

Communicate with endothelial cells and contribute to debris removal

In capillaries they control blood flow

65
Q

What do astrocytes do

A

Stabiliz the blood Brian barrier contain water channels that allow water to enter the brain

66
Q

Where is the interpeduncular cistern

A

Between the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain

67
Q

Where is the cisterna pontis

A

Between the pons and the medulla

68
Q

Where is the cisterna magna

A

Below the cerebellum and medulla

69
Q

Where is an alternative place to obtain CSF if lumbar punctures fail

A

Cisterna magna

70
Q

Which is the biggest cistern

A

Cisterna pontis

71
Q

What do the anterior cerebral arteries supply

A

Corpus callosum

Frontal lobe

72
Q

What do the inferior posterior cerebellar arteries supply

A

Posterior cerebellum

73
Q

What does the basilar artery supply

A

Brain stem

74
Q

What does the inferior anterior cerebellar artery supply

A

anterior cerebellum

75
Q

What does the superior cerebellar arteries supply

A

Cerebellum

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