Introduction to brain Flashcards
Vertebrate nervous systems develops from the ______ ______ overlying the notochord, which induces cells in this region to differentiate into neurons.
Vertebrate nervous systems develops from the embryonic ectoderm overlying the notochord, which induces cells in this region to differentiate into neurons.
swellings at the rostral end of the neural tube are precursors for what?
hind, mid and forebrain
hind brain divided into?
medula oblongata (or just medulla)
and the more rostral pons
forebrain dividfed into?
The forebrain also divides further into a caudal diencephalon (mainly the thalamus and hypothalamus) and a rostral telencephalon (a telencephalic or cerebral vesicle on either side): these give rise to the large cerebral hemispheres which overlay most of the brain.
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As the brain develops, the internal cavity of the neural tube persists to form …
As the brain develops, the internal cavity of the neural tube persists to form the fluid-filled ventricular system of the adult brain.
2 largest ventricles?
lateral ventricles
function of the spinal cord?
core of neurones
surrounded by fibres running upto and down from the brain
houses somatic motorneurones
sympathetic preganglionic neurones
somatosensory afferents
generates reflexes
what form the brainstem
medulla, pon and midbrain
which cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem
all but 1 and 2
loss of brainstem function = diagnosis for what?
death if irreversible
how is the pons expanded ventrally
The pons is expanded ventrally by bundles of fibres that bridge the midline on the ventral surface. These are the axons of cells with inputs from the cerebral cortex, which are destined for the cerebellum (little brain) which lies on the dorsal surface of the hindbrain, and covers the entire dorsal surface of the medulla and pons
smallest brain division in mammals?
mid brain
whats on the surfcae of the midbrain?
2 pairs of bulges:
superior (rostral) colliculi
inferior (caudal) colliculi
what do the superior and inferior colliculi do?
These are receiving and processing areas for visual and auditory information, respectively
important for pre cerebral sensory processing centres and initiate movement
2 divisons of the forebrain
diencephalon and the telencephalon
diencephalon consists of?
thalamus (large structure on either side) and hypothalamus
what does the hypothalamus do?
The hypothalamus is of fundamental importance as a regulator of homeostasis which you met in HOM; it controls the endocrine system (via the pituitary), the autonomic nervous system (through the brainstem) and drives motivated behaviour through connections with other forebrain structures, including regions of cerebral cortex.
what does teh thalamus do?
The thalamus and cerebral cortex are closely interlinked with specific regions of the cortex being reciprocally interlinked with corresponding parts of the thalamus.
The function of the thalamus is integral to sleep and wakefulness, in addition to roles in attention and motivation.
The 2 separate cerebral hemispheres are interconnected by ….
The 2 separate cereb-ral hemispheres are interconnected by a huge bundle of fibres that cross the midline (the corpus callosum).
parkinsons from the midbrain - what miht you see in cross section
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corus callosum
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in man, a huge proportion of cerebral hemisphere (particular frontal lobes) is…..
assocaition cortex
what are the basal ganglia associated with
learned selection & expression of movemenet
whats teh amygdala asociated with?
learned assessment the emotional significance of an environment
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