Introduction to brain

Question 1

Vertebrate nervous systems develops from the ______ ______ overlying the notochord, which induces cells in this region to differentiate into neurons.

Answer 1

Vertebrate nervous systems develops from the embryonic ectoderm overlying the notochord, which induces cells in this region to differentiate into neurons.

Question 2

swellings at the rostral end of the neural tube are precursors for what?

Answer 2

hind, mid and forebrain

Question 3

hind brain divided into?

Answer 3

medula oblongata (or just medulla)

and the more rostral pons

Question 4

forebrain dividfed into?

Answer 4

The forebrain also divides further into a caudal diencephalon (mainly the thalamus and hypothalamus) and a rostral telencephalon (a telencephalic or cerebral vesicle on either side): these give rise to the large cerebral hemispheres which overlay most of the brain.

Question 5

label

Answer 5

Question 6

As the brain develops, the internal cavity of the neural tube persists to form …

Answer 6

As the brain develops, the internal cavity of the neural tube persists to form the fluid-filled ventricular system of the adult brain.

Question 7

2 largest ventricles?

Answer 7

lateral ventricles

Question 8

function of the spinal cord?

Answer 8

core of neurones

surrounded by fibres running upto and down from the brain

houses somatic motorneurones

sympathetic preganglionic neurones

somatosensory afferents

generates reflexes

Question 9

what form the brainstem

Answer 9

medulla, pon and midbrain

Question 10

which cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem

Answer 10

all but 1 and 2

Question 11

loss of brainstem function = diagnosis for what?

Answer 11

death if irreversible

Question 12

how is the pons expanded ventrally

Answer 12

The pons is expanded ventrally by bundles of fibres that bridge the midline on the ventral surface. These are the axons of cells with inputs from the cerebral cortex, which are destined for the cerebellum (little brain) which lies on the dorsal surface of the hindbrain, and covers the entire dorsal surface of the medulla and pons

Question 13

smallest brain division in mammals?

Answer 13

mid brain

Question 14

whats on the surfcae of the midbrain?

Answer 14

2 pairs of bulges:

superior (rostral) colliculi

inferior (caudal) colliculi

Question 15

what do the superior and inferior colliculi do?

Answer 15

These are receiving and processing areas for visual and auditory information, respectively

important for pre cerebral sensory processing centres and initiate movement

Question 16

2 divisons of the forebrain

Answer 16

diencephalon and the telencephalon

Question 17

diencephalon consists of?

Answer 17

thalamus (large structure on either side) and hypothalamus

Question 18

what does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 18

The hypothalamus is of fundamental importance as a regulator of homeostasis which you met in HOM; it controls the endocrine system (via the pituitary), the autonomic nervous system (through the brainstem) and drives motivated behaviour through connections with other forebrain structures, including regions of cerebral cortex.

Question 19

what does teh thalamus do?

Answer 19

The thalamus and cerebral cortex are closely interlinked with specific regions of the cortex being reciprocally interlinked with corresponding parts of the thalamus.

The function of the thalamus is integral to sleep and wakefulness, in addition to roles in attention and motivation.

Question 20

The 2 separate cerebral hemispheres are interconnected by ….

Answer 20

The 2 separate cereb-ral hemispheres are interconnected by a huge bundle of fibres that cross the midline (the corpus callosum).

Question 21

parkinsons from the midbrain - what miht you see in cross section

Answer 21

Question 22

label

Answer 22

corus callosum

Question 23

label

Answer 23

Question 24

in man, a huge proportion of cerebral hemisphere (particular frontal lobes) is…..

Answer 24

assocaition cortex

Question 25

what are the basal ganglia associated with

Answer 25

learned selection & expression of movemenet

Question 26

whats teh amygdala asociated with?

Answer 26

learned assessment the emotional significance of an environment

Question 27

fat