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Theory & Practice I > Introduction to Biophysical Agents: A Comprehensive Approach > Flashcards

Introduction to Biophysical Agents: A Comprehensive Approach Flashcards

1
Q

What are interventions

A

the purposeful interaction of the physical therapist with a individual to produce changes in the condition that are consistent with the diagnosis and prognosis

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2
Q

What are the 4 elements of movement

A
  • Motion: muscles, joints, ligaments, nerves, and skin (stretching, dynamic warmups, hot packs, and cold packs)
  • Force: strength and power
  • Energy: circulation, endurance/aerobic capacity, vitals, and ventilation/respiration (endurance training and diet)
  • Motor control: performance (obstacles and estim)
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3
Q

Therapeutic Intervention Framework

A

1) Tissue healing
2) Mobility
3) Performance initiation, stabilization, and motor control
4) Performance improvement
5) Advanced skill, coordination, and agility

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4
Q

Define biophysical agents

A

materials and energy applied to patients to assist in rehabilitation

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5
Q

List the physical agents

A
  • Heat
  • Cold
  • Water
  • Pressure
  • Sound
  • Electromagnetic radiation
  • Electrical currents
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6
Q

Define thermotherapy

A

energy is transferred to the patient to increase/decrease tissue temperature

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7
Q

Purpose of thermotherapy

A
  • increases circulation
  • increases metabolic rate
  • increases tissue extensibility
  • decreases pain
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8
Q

Purpose of cryotherapy

A
  • decrease circulation
  • decrease metabolic rate
  • decrease pain
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9
Q

List the mechanical therapy agents and their uses

A
  • Water therapy: used to clean wounds
  • Traction: used to alleviate pressure on structures such as joints and nerves
  • Compression: used for edema control and management
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10
Q

Examples of electromagnetic energy

A
  • UV radiation
  • IR radiation
  • Laser
  • Diathermy
  • Electrical stimulation
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11
Q

Uses of electrical stimulation

A

1) induce muscle contraction
2) alter sensation
3) decrease edema
4) accelerated tissue healing

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12
Q

General contraindications for direct application for all of the physical agents

A

1) Pregnancy (over fetus)
2) Malignancy (over tumor)
3) Pacemaker or other implanted device (directly over)
4) Impaired sensation (unable to accurately feel applied energy)
5) Impaired cognition (communication, consent, safety)

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13
Q

Define injury

A

damage to a body system produced by energy exchanges that have relatively sudden discernible effects

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14
Q

Stages of tissue healing

A

1) Hemostasis and degeneration
2) Inflammation (acute or chronic)
3) Proliferation and migration
4) Maturation and remodeling

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15
Q

Hemostasis Phase

A
  • occurs immediately after an acute injury
  • bleeding stopped via intrinsic/extrinsic cascade of events leading to coagulation and loose clot formation (“plug)
  • wound matrix is established
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16
Q

Degeneration phase

A

characterized by the formation of a hematoma, necrosis of cells, and the start of the inflammatory cell response

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17
Q

5 signs of the inflammatory phase

A

1) Rubor (red)
2) Calor (heat)
3) Tumor (swelling)
4) Dolor (pain)
5) Funk laesa (impaired)

18
Q

Normal inflammation timeframe

A

1 - 6 days no longer than 2 weeks

19
Q

Subacute inflammation timeframe

A

> 4 weeks of inflammation

20
Q

Chronic inflammation timeframe

A

inflammation that last for months or years

21
Q

Proliferation phase

A
  • starts within the first ~3 days after injury and can last up to ~20 days
  • Angiogenesis: establish a vascular network
  • extracellular matrix and granulation tissue develops
  • O2 is critical for fibroblast growth
  • Myofibroblasts contract to accelerate wound closure and epithelial cells migrate to resurface the wound
22
Q

Maturation phase

A
  • starts ~ 9 days after injury and can last for up to ~2 years
  • deposition and reabsorption of collagen occur
23
Q

Inflammatory phase pain pattern

A

pain at rest and with movement

24
Q

Proliferation phase pain pattern

A
  • minimal pain at rest

- pain towards end of ROM

25
Q

Maturation phase pain pattern

A
  • none to minimal pain at rest

- pain at end of range or with unaccustomed tissue loading

26
Q

Goals and effective agents for initial injury

A
  • Prevent further injury or bleeding: static compression and/or cryotherapy
  • Clean open wound: hydrotherapy
27
Q

Non-effective agents for initial injury

A
  • exercise
  • intermittent traction
  • motor level electrical stimulation (ES)
  • thermotherapy
28
Q

Goals and effective agents for acute inflammation

A
  • Control pain, limit edema and bleeding, control inflammatory mediators and facilitate progression to the proliferation phase: cryotherapy, hydrotherapy (cold), EE-STIM (Sensory), compression, contrast bath
29
Q

Non-effective agents for acute inflammation

A
  • thermotherapy
  • intermittent traction
  • motor level electrical stimulation
30
Q

Goals and effective agents for proliferation and migration phases

A
  • control scar tissue formation, ensure adequate circulation, maintain strength and flexibility to progress towards the remodeling phase: compression, thermotherapy, electrotherapy, water immersion, exercise, motor level ES
31
Q

Goals and effective agents for remodeling/maturation phase

A
  • regain or maintain strength: motor E-Stim, water exercise
  • regain or maintain flexibility: thermotherapy
  • control scar tissue formation: brief ice massage, compression
32
Q

Non-effective agents for remodeling/maturation phase

A

immobilization

33
Q

Goals and effective agents for chronic inflammation

A
  • prevent/decrease joint stiffness, control pain, increase circulation: thermotherapy, motor E-Stim, whirlpool/hydrotherapy, fluidotherapy, laser, pulsed ultrasound, and diathermy
34
Q

Non-effective agents for chronic inflammation

A

cryotherapy

35
Q

Define ICE

A

Ice
Compression
Elevation

36
Q

Define RICE

A

Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation

37
Q

Define PRICE

A 
Protection
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
38
Q

Define POLICE

A

Protection Optimal Loading Ice Compression Elevation

39
Q

Define PEACE & LOVE

A 
Protection
Elevation
Avoid anti-inflammatories
Compression
Education
&
Load
Optimism
Vascularisation
Exercise
40
Q

How must a physical agent be documented

A
  • Information on the physical agent used (type of modality)
  • Details on the area of the body treated
  • Intervention duration and parameters
  • Outcomes (progress toward goals and regressions or complications arising from application of physical agent)
  • Planning for future use and when to discharge the modality

Theory & Practice I (16 decks)

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