Introduction to Biomechanics and Orthopedics

Question 1

First Order Intervention

Answer 1

Manipulation
Therapeutic exercise
Massage or surgery for microtrauma, Mactrotrauma, Repetitive stress, Postural syndromes, Congenital conditions

Question 2

Second Order Intervention

Answer 2

Manipulation
Therapeutic exercise
Massage or surgery for stuctual problems that are the result of stress upon internal systems (ie. Digestive d/o)

Question 3

Division of the Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 3

Sympathetic: 
o	T1-L2
Parasympathetic: 
o	Cranial (III, VII, IX, X); 
o	Sacral (S2, S3, S4)

Question 4

Types of Autonomic Reflexes

Answer 4

• Somato-visceral influences
• Viscero-somatic influences
• Viscera-viceral reflexes: local and systemic
• Psycho-somato-visceral reflexes: mind influencing body, body influencing mind

Question 5

… kinesiology; biomechanics

Answer 5

1. Kinesiology: from Greek, to move, to study, study of motion or human movement
2. Biomechanics: applies principles of physics to human motion

Question 6

Kinematics

Answer 6

Definition: describes motion of body without regard to the forces or torque that may produce motion
Osteokinematics: gross motion of joints in the cardinal planes (movement of the bone)
Arthrokinematics: fine bone on bone motion within joints (movement of the joint surface)

Question 7

translation

Answer 7

Rectilinear: glide in straight line

Curvilinear: glide in curved line

Question 8

Rotation

Answer 8

: body parts move in a circular path around a pivot point

Question 9

Axes of motion

Answer 9

imaginary line perpendicular to the plane of motion and passing through the center of rotation
Axes (3):
o	X: frontal
o	Y: Longitudinal  (vertical)
o	Z: sagittal

Question 10

Flexion-extension

Answer 10

Plane: Saggital
Axis: frontal

Question 11

Abduction-Adduction

Answer 11

Plane: Frontal

Axis: Saggital

Question 12

Rotation

Answer 12

Plane: Transverse
Axis: longitudinal

Question 13

Open and Closed Kinematic Chain

Answer 13

• Kinematic chain: series of segments linked together (pelvis, thigh, leg, foot)
• Open: distal segment of chain, not fixed (foot)
• Closed: proximal segment of chain, fixed (hip)

Question 14

Joint Classification

Answer 14

Fibrous: generally immoveable
Cartilaginous: some immoveable, some slightly moveable
Synovial: freely moveable

Question 15

Characteristics of fibrous joints

Answer 15

o Joined by dense fibrous tissue
o no joint cavity
o most are immoveable, some only slightly

Question 16

Types of fibrous joints

Answer 16

o	Suture (Synarthrodial)- ossify later in life (synostosis)
o	Gomphosis (‘peg in socket’ = periodontal ligament)
o	Syndesmosis (bones connected by a ligment = tib-fib ligament)

Question 17

Characteristics of cartilagenous joints

Answer 17

o Bones connected by cartilage
o No joint cavity
o Immovable or slightly moveable

Question 18

types of cartilagenous joints

Answer 18

o	Synchodrosis (costosternal joint, epiphyseal plate/growth plate)
o	Symphysis (pubic symphysis, IV discs)

Question 19

characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 19

o	Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity connected by ligaments
o	Free movement
o	Articular cartilage on ends of bones
o	Articular capsule
o	Synovial fluid
o	Reinforcing ligaments

Question 20

types of synovial joints

Answer 20

Gliding
Arthroidial
Hinge
Ginglymus 
Pivot
Trochoid 
Condyloid
Ellipsoidal 
Saddle
Sellar
Ball and socket