Introduction to Biochemistry Flashcards
what is acylation?
addition of c=o-r
Describe the difference between condensation and hydrolysis reactions
condensation is where water is removed. Hydrolysis where water is added
What biomolecule stores info?
DNA
Which biomolecules function as energy generation?
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
Peptides and Proteins consist of what?
Amino Acids
Lipids consist of what?
triglyceride, phospholipids, steroids
Nucleic Acid consists of what?
RNA, DNA
Carbohydrates consist of what?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Give an example of a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide
monosaccharide - glucose
polysaccharide - cellulose
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
energy is neither created or destroyed
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
when energy is converted from one form to another some of the energy becomes unable to do work
What is an exergonic reaction?
spontaneous reaction in which the free energy of the products if less than the free energy of the reactants
What is an endergonic reaction?
non-spontaneous reaction in which the free energy of the products is more than the free energy of the reactants
At what delta G is equilibrium reached?
0
Give the equation for free energy
delta G+RTln(CD/AB) where R is 8.3 J K mol
How are unfavourable reactions driven?
by coupling with favourable reactions
ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + H+ has what sort of delta G?
Very negative so coupled a lot as a favourable reaction
What is a characteristic of an anhydride bond?
very high energy
What is metabolism?
All the reactions occurring in the body
What is catabolism?
breaking down large molecules into smaller ones releasing energy
What is anabolism?
building a number of small molecules into a large molecule requiring energy
What is the gain or loss of ATP in glycolysis?
Net gain 2 ATP
Describe gluconeogenesis
Making of glucose from a non-carb precursor a process which requires energy
What is a hydrogen bond?
A covalent bond between hydrogen and an element with a greater electronegativity
Describe an amphipathic molecule
both polar and non-polar e.g. fatty acid with polar head and non-polar tail
Proteins and polypeptides in humans are made up from what?
20 different L type amino acids
D and L forms of amino acids are what?
stereoisomers so non-superimposable
Where to peptide bonds occur?
between carboxyl and amino group
Give 3 characteristics of a peptide bond
strong, planar, partial double bond character
What is an acid?
proton donor
What is a base?
proton acceptor
What determines the strength of an acid or base?
How readily it accepts or donates protons
What is pH?
the amount of protons in a solution
What is the equation to determine pH?
pH=-log(h+)
How do you work out hydrogen ion conc from pH?
H+=10 to the power of minus pH
What is the Henderson Hasselbach equation?
pH=pKa+log(A/HA)
Amino acids without charged side groups exist as what?
Zwitterions
