Introduction to Biochemistry Flashcards by Alliah Barrientos

Science concerned with the chemical basis of life.

Biochemistry

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Science concerned with the various molecules that occur in living cells and organisms and with their chemical reaction.

Biochemistry

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to describe and explain, in molecular terms, all chemical processes of living cells.

Aim

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Structure-function
* Metabolism and Regulation
* How life began?

Aim

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essential to all life sciences as the common knowledge.

Significance

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Genetics, Cell Biology,
Molecular Biology
* Physiology and Immunology
Pharmacology and Pharmacy
Toxicology, Pathology,
Microbiology
* Zoology and Botany

Significance

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Medical students who acquire a sound knowledge of biochemistry will be in a strong position to deal with two central concerns of the health sciences:

The understanding and maintenance of health.
* The understanding and effective treatment of disease.

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Pioneer
Father of Biochemistry
* Editor of first journal of Biochemistry

1903 CARL NEUBERG (GERMAN)

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Notable Breakthroughs
* Discovery of the role of enzymes as catalysts.
Identification of nucleic acids as information molecules.

1903 CARL NEUBERG (GERMAN)

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Discovered Citric Acid Cycle
Won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953

1937 SIR HANS ADOLF KREBS (GERMAN]

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Discovered DNA as double helix
* Won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962

1953 JAMES WATSON AND FRANCIS CRICK (ENGLISH)

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Determined Insulin sequence and structure of proteins
Won Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine in 1956

1955 FREDERICK SANGER (BRITISH)

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Determined sequence of DNA
Won Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980

1980 FREDERICK SANGER (BRITISH) AND WALTER GILBERT (AMERICAN)

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Invention of PCR method
Won Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993

1993 KARY MULLIS (AMERICAN)

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Coverage Structure and functions of cellular components

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules
Metabolism and Regulation
Gene expression and modulation

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Each type of biomolecules are polymers that are assembled from single units

Monomers

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Each type of biomolecules

polymers

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MACROMOLECULE Carbohydrates

MONOMER Monosaccharide

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Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MONOMER.

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MACROMOLECULE Lipids

MONOMER Not always polymers;
Hydrocarbon chains

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MACROMOLECULE Proteins

MONOMER Amino Acids

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MACROMOLECULE Nucleic Acids

MONOMER Nucleotides

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Macromolecule to Monomer

CATABOLIC

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Monomer to Macromolecule

ANABOLIC

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Basic building blocks of life

CELLS

Smallest living unit of an organism

Cell

A cell may be an entire organism (unicellular) or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism (multicellular)

Cell

Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment

Cell

Many cannot be seen with the naked eye

Cell

A typical cell size is 10um (micrometers); a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram.)

Cell

(Greek: pro-before; karyon-nucleus) include various bacteria

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

Lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles.

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

(Greek: eu-true; karyon-nucleus) include most other cells (plants, fungi, and animals)

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Cell Membrane : Nucleus Cytoplasm with organelles

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Cell membrane and cell wall * Nucleoid region contains the DNA * Contain ribosomes (no membrane)

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

Cell's defining boundary

Parts of Cell Plasma Membrane

Providing a barrier and containing transport and signaling systems

Parts of Cell Plasma Membrane

Cell Information Center

Part of Cell: Nucleus

Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and the nucleolus. The place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur. The nucleolus is a site for synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome.

Part of Cell: Nucleus

The power generator

Part of cell: Mitochondria

Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of folds called cristae. Functions in energy production through metabolism. Contains its own DNA.

Part of cell: Mitochondria

Transport network for molecules

Part of Cell: ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

covered with ribosomes (causing the "rough" appearance) which are in the process of synthesizing proteins for secretion or localization in membranes.

ROUGH ER

protein and RNA complex responsible for protein synthesis.

Ribosomes

site for synthesis and metabolism of lipid.

SMOOTH ER

Process and package the macromolecules

Part of Cell: GOLGI APPARATUS

A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles carry materials from the Rough ER to the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks while the proteins are "processed" to a mature form.

Part of Cell: GOLGI APPARATUS

A membrane-bound organelle that is responsible for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell.

Part of Cell: LYSOSOMES

Just like cells are building blocks of tissues, biomolecules are building blocks of cells.

Biomolecules

Animal and plant cells contain approximately 10,000 kinds of biomolecules.

Biomolecules

Water constitutes 50-95% of cells content by weight.

Biomolecules

lons like Nat, K+, and Ca2+ account for 1%.

Biomolecules

Almost all other kinds of biomolecules are organic.

Biomolecules

* Organic compounds are compounds composed primarily of a Carbon skeleton.

Biomolecules

Carbon is more abundant in living organisms than it is in the rest of the universe.

CARBON

* The ability of carbon atoms to bond together to form long chains and rings.

Carbon

SMALL MOLECULES, MONOMERS, POLYMERS

TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES

Lipid, phospholipid, glycolipid, sterol Vitamin Hormone, neurotransmitter Carbohydrate, sugar

SMALL MOLECULES

Amino acids Nucleotides Monosaccharides

MONOMERS

Peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins * Nucleic acids, i.e. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (Ribonucleic acid) * Oligosaccharides, polysaccharides (including cellulose)

POLYMERS

Water 61.6 percent 40 kg Protein 17. 0 percent 11kg Lipid 13.8 percent 9 kg Carbohydrates 1.5 percent 1kg Minerals 6.1 percent 4kg

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF A REGULAR MAN

All cells use nucleic acids (DNA) to store information. * Except RNA viruses, but not true cells (incapable of autonomous replication). * All cells use nucleic acids (RNA) to access stored information. * All cells use proteins as catalysts (enzymes) for chemical reactions. * A few examples of RNA based enzymes, which may reflect primordial use of RNA. * All cells use lipids for membrane components. * Different types of lipids in different types of cells. All cells use carbohydrates for cell walls (if present), recognition, and energy generation.

SIMILARITIES AMONG ALL TYPES OF CELLS