Introduction to Bacte Flashcards
The first to use a lens to observe the smallest unit of
tissues he called “cells
Robert Hooke
The first person to observe and accurately describe microorganisms (bacteria & protozoa) called “animalcules” (little animals)
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
“Father of Hand Hygiene”; Hand washing; infection control
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
Modern epidemiology
John Snow
Demonstrated that different types of microbes produce different fermentation products
Louis Pasteur
Heating liquids to 63– 65°C for 30 minutes or 73– 75°C for 15 seconds
Pasteurization
A theory which explains that “Specific microbes cause specific infectious diseases”
Germ Theory of Disease
He developed methods of fixing, staining, and photographing bacteria, methods of cultivating bacteria on solid media
Robert Koch
First proposed the use of agar in culture media
Fanne Hesse
Developed the Petri dish (plate), a container used for solid culture
Richard Petri
- Tyndallisation
- Provided the initial evidence that some of the microbes in dust and air have very high heat resistance
John Tyndall
Aseptic techniques using physical & chemical agents
Joseph Lister
Developed Vaccination (smalpox vaccine)
Edwrd Jenner
Developed phagocytic theory of immunity
Elie Metchnikoff
Developments of chemotherapy
Paul Ehrlich
Discovery of the first alpha drug
Gerhard Domagk
discover the first antibiotic penicillin
Alexander Fleming
Selman Waksman
Streptomycin
(the evolutionary history of organisms) and scientific study of all living things in virtually
every biologic discipline, including microbiology.
phylogeny
pro vides a more detailed but very complex analysis of the cur rent classification system using ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)
polyphasic taxonomy
systematic process applied to all living entities, providing a consistent means to classify, name (nomenclature), and identify organisms.
Taxonomy
variations in gene expression not caused by nucleic acid sequence similarities or differences
epigenetic
gold standard” for classification of bacterial species has historically been based on
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) including DNA hybridization (DDH) patterns and 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA)
The identification and classification of microorganisms that include protein studies, fatty acid analysis, and cell wall composition.
chemotaxonomic methods
a method for organizing microorganisms
into groups or taxa based on similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits.
Classification
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya is classified as
Domain
contains similar divisions or phyla; most inclusive taxa
Kingdom
contains similar classes; equivalent to the Division taxa in botany
Phylum
(contains similar orders)
Class
Contain similar families
Order
contains similar genera
Family
(contains similar species)
Genus
specific epithet, most basic of the taxonomic groups
Species
environmental prokaryotes (blue green or cyanobacteria) and the heterotrophic
medically relevant bacteria.
Bacteria
environmental isolates that live in extreme habitats such as high salt concentrations, jet fuel, or high temperatures
Archaea
also contains medically relevant organisms, including fungi and parasites.
Eukarya
naming of microorganisms according to established rules and guidelines set forth in the
ICNP
Nomenclature
relate to an organism’s genetic makeup, including the nature of the organism’s genes and constituent nucleic acids
Genotypic characteristics
a system of nomenclature, every organism is assigned a genus and a species of Latin or Greek derivation
Binomial
process by which a microorganism’s key features are delineated
Microbial Identification
s a group of organisms that may contain
multiple genera and consists of organisms with a common
attribute.
Family
contains different
species that have several important features in common
Genus
most basic of the taxonomic groups and can be defined as
a collection of bacterial strains that share common physi
ologic and genetic features and differ notably from other
microbial species.
Species
e process by which a micro
organism’s key features are delineated.
Microbial Identification
organism’s genetic makeup, including the nature of the
organism’s genes and constituent nucleic acids
Genotypic characteristics re
based on features beyond the
genetic level, including both readily observable character
istics and features that may require extensive analytic pro
cedures to be detected.
Phenotypic characteristics
