Bacte Structure Flashcards
process of heredity and variation, is the starting
point from which all other cellular pathways, functions, and
structures originate.
Genetics
which is the most
common macromolecule that encodes genetic informa
tion,
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
, organisms do not have membrane-bound
organelles, and the cells’ genetic material is therefore
not enclosed in a nucleus
Prokaryotic,
or prenuclear
or “true nucleus,”
organisms have the genetic material enclosed in a nuclear
envelope
Eukaryotic
the order of bases along a DNA or RNA strand is known as
base sequence.
A DNA sequence that encodes a specific product
gene
All the genes in an organism comprise
the organisms
genome
. Insertion sequences are limited to contain
ing the genes that encode information required for move
ment from one site in the genome to another
Insertion sequences
are pieces of DNA that move
from one genetic element to another, from plasmid to
chromosome or vice versa.
Transposable
double-stranded, closed, circular,
autonomously replicating extrachromosomal genetic
elements ranging in size from 1 to 2 kilobases up to 1
megabase or more.
plasmid
cassettes (grouping of genes) flanked by
insertion sequences
. Composite
transposons ar
site of active replication is
referred to as the
replication fork
playing a central role
DNA polymerase
processing of information encoded
in genetic elements (i.e., chromosomes, plasmids, and
transposons) that results in the production of biochemi
cally functional molecules, including RNA and proteins.
gene expression
the DNA base sequence of the gene (i.e., the
genetic code) is converted into an mRNA molecule that
is complementary to the gene’s DNA sequence
Transcription
the enzyme central to the transcrip
tion process.
RNA polymerase
mRNA molecules that result from the
transcription process
polycistronic
are required for
the RNA polymerase to identify the appropriate site on the
DNA template where transcription of mRNA is initiated.
sigma factors
When a cluster of
genes is under the control of a single promoter sequence
operon.
this process the genetic code
in mRNA molecules is translated into specific amino acid
sequences that are responsible for protein structure and
function
translation
The code consists of triplets
of nucleotide bases, referred to as
codons
which are compact
nucleoproteins, composed of rRNA and proteins. They
are central to translation, assisting with the couplin
ribosomes
begins with the association of ribosomal sub
units, mRNA, formylmethionine (f-met) tRNA (carrying
the initial amino acid of the protein to be synthesized),
and various initiation factors
initiation
involves tRNAs and a host of elongation fac
tors that mediate the addition of amino acids in a specific
sequence dictated by the codon on the mRNA molecule
elongation
ribosomal A site encounters a stop or non sense codon that
does not specify an amino acid
termination
most proteins must undergo
modification, such as folding or enzymatic trimming, so
that protein function, transportation, or incorporation into
various cellular structures can be accomplished.
posttranslational modifications
