Introduction to Atherosclerosis

Question 1

CAD is also known as and an what most cause cause of it

Answer 1

Coronary artery disease is also known as Coronary Heart disease and the most common cause for this atherosclerosis

Question 2

Arteriosclerosis is…

Answer 2

the hardening of arteries

Question 3

Atherosclerosis

Answer 3

is a specific type of arteriosclerosis that is due to the build up of plaques on the arterial wall

Question 4

Atheromas

Answer 4

are intimal plaques that consist of raised lesions with soft yellow brumous core of lipids which are covered by a firm white fibrous cap

Question 5

What are the 5 steps that happen for atherosclerosis to occur

Answer 5

• chronic endothelial injury (injury to wall)
• Endothelial dysfunction
• Macrophage activation
• Macrophage (foam cells) and smooth muscle cells engulf lipids but end up leaving fatty streaks
• Fibrofatty atheroma develops and becomes hard due to the migration of calcium inward

Question 6

_______ is the marker of inflammation is vessels and becomes increased with patients who have _____

Answer 6

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Coronary artery disease

Question 7

C-reactive protein is associated with ____ plaques and _____ of LDL cholesterol

Answer 7

unstable

oxidation

Question 8

If atherosclerosis is present in the coronary arteries, then the patients symptoms would be

Answer 8

angina, shortness of breath, arrhythmias, MI

Question 9

If atherosclerosis is present in the carotid arteries, then the patients symptoms would be

Answer 9

sudden weakness, paralysis, confusion, trouble speaking, problems breathing, dizziness, sudden headache (stroke symptoms)

Question 10

If atherosclerosis is present in the peripheral arteries, then the patients symptoms would be

Answer 10

numbness, pain, infections (peripheral vascular disease, gangrene)

Question 11

If atherosclerosis is present in the renal arteries, then the patients symptoms would be

Answer 11

fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, edema, itching (chronic kidney disease)

Question 12

Risk of CAD in men increases after age ___ and women after age____

Answer 12

45-men

55-women

Question 13

The primary ages of CAD are between ages ___-___

Answer 13

40-60

Question 14

Hyperlipidemia can be treated by x3

Answer 14

• Medications
• Diet
• exercise

Question 15

Hypertension can be treated with

Answer 15

medications

Question 16

4 modifiable risk factors for CAD are

Answer 16

• Smoking
• Diabetes
• hypertension
• Hyperlipemia

Question 17

4 nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD are

Answer 17

Genetics (hypertension, diabetes, pro-inflammatory state)
Age (critical threshold between 40-60)
Gender (estrogen is protective in premenopausal women)
Family history

Question 18

The most major risk factor for atherosclerosis is

Answer 18

Hyperlipidemia

Question 19

2 ways that lower HDL levels are

Answer 19

smoking and obesity

Question 20

2 ways that have a positive affect on lipid levels

Answer 20

exercise and moderate consumption of alcohol

Question 21

Statins are

Answer 21

HMG CoA reductase inhibtors

Question 22

fibrates work by

Answer 22

lowering triglycerides and raise HDL

Question 23

Bile acid sequestrants work by

Answer 23

inhibiting enterohepatic reuptake of intestinal bile salts which in turn increase fecal loss of LDL

Question 24

Prevalence of atherosclerosis if highest in _____ and _____ and lowest in ________

Answer 24

Non-hispanic black and Non- hispanic whites

American indians or Alaska natives

Question 25

AHA and ACC developed new guidelines which include increased use of ____ drug, de-emphasized use of ______ drugs. There was no guideline provided for treating high triglycerides levels. and the atherosclerotic calculator now includes stroke in addition to CHD and PAD

Answer 25

statins

nonstatin

Question 26

Some limitations and controversy of new guide lines are increase use of ____1____ in patients who are considered at low risk. The calculator review heavily on age and sex not on other factors such as ____2____ levels, family history. Only address patients between the ages of __3__ and __3___. Lastly there is no ___4___ target for patients to have goals.

Answer 26

1. statins
   2.triglyceride
2. 40-75
   4 LDL