Introduction to Animal Organization Flashcards
What are animals? (7)
- eukaryotes
- multicellular
- internally digestive heterotrophs
- locomotive ability (muscles)
- sense organs and rapid responses (nervous system)
- sexual reproduction (diploid life cycles)
- fundamental levels of biological organization
What is important about the definition of animals, “internally digestive heterotrophs”?
can be used to distinguish animals from other life forms
What are the fundamental levels of biological organization? (12)
molecules
organelles cells tissues organs organ systems organisms
populations communities ecosystems biomes biosphere
What are the 3 types of skeletal systems?
endoskeleton, exoskseleton, hydrostatic skeleton
What are the 3 types of body symmetry?
radial, bilateral, asymmetrical
Symmetry
What does dorsa mean?
back
Symmetry
What does ventra mean?
belly
Symmetry
What does medial mean?
towards the middle
Symmetry
What does lateral mean?
away from the middle
Symmetry
What is the mid-sagital section?
separated in left and right sections
Symmetry
What is the frontal section?
separated in back and belly sections
Symmetry
What is the cross-section/transverse section?
separated in top/bottom (posterior/anterior) sections
What are the 3 types of animals based on embryonic germ layers?
- none
- diploblastic (2 layers)
- triploblastic (3 layers)
What are the layers of a diploblastic animal?
a. ectoderm
b. endoderm (entoderm)
What are the layers of a triploblastic animal?
a. ectoderm
b. mesoderm
c. endoderm (entoderm)
What are embryonic germ layers?
“true tissue”
basement membrane
What is ectoderm?
tissues that surrounds the outside of the body
What is endoderm (ectoderm)?
tissues that line the new digestive tract/gut
What animals do body cavities describe?
triploblastic animals
What are the 3 types of body cavities?
- acoelomate
- coelomate
- blastocoelomate (pseudocoelomate)
What is coelom?
cavity of fluid
What is an acoelomate body cavity?
no cavity
ie. flatworm
Acoelomate
What is lumen?
continuous with the outside world
Acoelomate
What is mesenchyme (mesoderm)?
contains muscle fibres, cells, reproductive organs, etc.
Coelomate
What is mesentery?
- double layer of peritoneum
- allows communication between the gut and the rest of the animal
Coelomate
What is peritoneum?
envelops the fluid-filled space (coelom)
Blastocoelomate (Pseudocoelomate)
Why doesn’t blastocoelomate (pseudocoelomate) have a coelom?
there is no peritoneum
Phylogenetic Systematics
What is parsimony?
the simplest explanation is the best explanation
Phylogenetic Systematics
What is a cladogram?
picture of branches (phylogenetic tree)
Phylogenetic Systematics
What are the 3 groups of organisms/lineages in a phylogenetic tree?
monophyletic
polyphyletic
paraphyletic
Phylogenetic Systematics
What is a monophyletic group?
common ancestor and all of its descendants
also called a “clade”
Phylogenetic Systematics
What is a polyphyletic group?
excludes the common ancestor
Phylogenetic Systematics
What is a paraphyletic group?
common ancestor and some of its descendants
Phylogenetic Systematics
What are the 2 homologies (traits)?
synapomorphies
symplesiomorphies
Phylogenetic Systematics
What are synapomorphies?
shared, derived traits of its descendants
it distinguishes a monophyletic group
Phylogenetic Systematics
What are symplesiomorphies?
shared, ancestral traits
Phylogenetic Systematics
What is morphostasis?
- process by which members of a couple or family system react to new information in a way that self-corrects and thus maintains its norms
- refers to those processes operating within systems that resist changes in existing strategies
Phylogenetic Systematics
What are the circles/letters on a phylogenetic tree?
nodes = common ancestors
Phylogenetic Systematics
What are the dashes/numbers on a phylogenetic tree?
traits
