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+ BIOL 205 > Introduction to Animal Organization > Flashcards

Introduction to Animal Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are animals? (7)

A
  1. eukaryotes
  2. multicellular
  3. internally digestive heterotrophs
  4. locomotive ability (muscles)
  5. sense organs and rapid responses (nervous system)
  6. sexual reproduction (diploid life cycles)
  7. fundamental levels of biological organization
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2
Q

What is important about the definition of animals, “internally digestive heterotrophs”?

A

can be used to distinguish animals from other life forms

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3
Q

What are the fundamental levels of biological organization? (12)

A

molecules

organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms
populations
communities
ecosystems
biomes
biosphere
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4
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal systems?

A

endoskeleton, exoskseleton, hydrostatic skeleton

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of body symmetry?

A

radial, bilateral, asymmetrical

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6
Q

Symmetry

What does dorsa mean?

A

back

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7
Q

Symmetry

What does ventra mean?

A

belly

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8
Q

Symmetry

What does medial mean?

A

towards the middle

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9
Q

Symmetry

What does lateral mean?

A

away from the middle

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10
Q

Symmetry

What is the mid-sagital section?

A

separated in left and right sections

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11
Q

Symmetry

What is the frontal section?

A

separated in back and belly sections

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12
Q

Symmetry

What is the cross-section/transverse section?

A

separated in top/bottom (posterior/anterior) sections

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of animals based on embryonic germ layers?

A
  1. none
  2. diploblastic (2 layers)
  3. triploblastic (3 layers)
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14
Q

What are the layers of a diploblastic animal?

A

a. ectoderm

b. endoderm (entoderm)

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15
Q

What are the layers of a triploblastic animal?

A

a. ectoderm
b. mesoderm
c. endoderm (entoderm)

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16
Q

What are embryonic germ layers?

A

“true tissue”

basement membrane

17
Q

What is ectoderm?

A

tissues that surrounds the outside of the body

18
Q

What is endoderm (ectoderm)?

A

tissues that line the new digestive tract/gut

19
Q

What animals do body cavities describe?

A

triploblastic animals

20
Q

What are the 3 types of body cavities?

A
  • acoelomate
  • coelomate
  • blastocoelomate (pseudocoelomate)
21
Q

What is coelom?

A

cavity of fluid

22
Q

What is an acoelomate body cavity?

A

no cavity

ie. flatworm

23
Q

Acoelomate

What is lumen?

A

continuous with the outside world

24
Q

Acoelomate

What is mesenchyme (mesoderm)?

A

contains muscle fibres, cells, reproductive organs, etc.

25
Q

Coelomate

What is mesentery?

A
  • double layer of peritoneum

- allows communication between the gut and the rest of the animal

26
Q

Coelomate

What is peritoneum?

A

envelops the fluid-filled space (coelom)

27
Q

Blastocoelomate (Pseudocoelomate)

Why doesn’t blastocoelomate (pseudocoelomate) have a coelom?

A

there is no peritoneum

28
Q

Phylogenetic Systematics

What is parsimony?

A

the simplest explanation is the best explanation

29
Q

Phylogenetic Systematics

What is a cladogram?

A

picture of branches (phylogenetic tree)

30
Q

Phylogenetic Systematics

What are the 3 groups of organisms/lineages in a phylogenetic tree?

A

monophyletic
polyphyletic
paraphyletic

31
Q

Phylogenetic Systematics

What is a monophyletic group?

A

common ancestor and all of its descendants

also called a “clade”

32
Q

Phylogenetic Systematics

What is a polyphyletic group?

A

excludes the common ancestor

33
Q

Phylogenetic Systematics

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

common ancestor and some of its descendants

34
Q

Phylogenetic Systematics

What are the 2 homologies (traits)?

A

synapomorphies

symplesiomorphies

35
Q

Phylogenetic Systematics

What are synapomorphies?

A

shared, derived traits of its descendants

it distinguishes a monophyletic group

36
Q

Phylogenetic Systematics

What are symplesiomorphies?

A

shared, ancestral traits

37
Q

Phylogenetic Systematics

What is morphostasis?

A
  • process by which members of a couple or family system react to new information in a way that self-corrects and thus maintains its norms
  • refers to those processes operating within systems that resist changes in existing strategies
38
Q

Phylogenetic Systematics

What are the circles/letters on a phylogenetic tree?

A

nodes = common ancestors

39
Q

Phylogenetic Systematics

What are the dashes/numbers on a phylogenetic tree?

A

traits

+ BIOL 205 (15 decks)

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