Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

What is anatomy?

Answer 1

anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships with other body parts.

Question 2

What is physiology?

Answer 2

physiology is the study of how living organisms perform their functions.

Question 3

Why is anatomy and physiology important?

Answer 3

it helps us discover how our body works under normal and abnormal conditions/how our body copes with injuries or diseases.

Question 4

What is the special language for anatomy called?

Answer 4

medical terminology and anatomy is the oldest medical science

Question 5

What is the principal of complementarity of structure and function?

Answer 5

all specific functions are performed by specific structures and the form of the structure relates to its function.

Question 6

What are the divisions of the anatomy discipline specialities?

Answer 6

anatomy= macroscopic/gross and microscopic.
macroscopic= surface, systematic, developmental. regional, clinical
microscopic = cytology and histology
clinical = pathological, radiographic, surgical

Question 7

What does macroscopic/gross mean?

Answer 7

visible to the naked eye

Question 8

What does microscopic mean?

Answer 8

so small that it is only visible with a microscope

Question 9

What is surface anatomy?

Answer 9

study of the external features of the body including shapes or markings on the body.

Question 10

What is systematic anatomy?

Answer 10

focuses on the structures of the body systems and how they function independently and in coordination with eachother.

Question 11

What is regional anatomy?

Answer 11

involves the study of the structures within specific regions of the body such as head and neck, abdomen, limbs, etc.

Question 12

What is developmental anatomy?

Answer 12

focuses on the study of how organisms grow and develop over time.

Question 13

What is clinical anatomy?

Answer 13

It involves the study of anatomical structures in relation to medical procedures, diagnosis, and treatment.

Question 14

Whats the difference between pathological, radiographic, and surgical?

Answer 14

pathological: analyzing tissues and fluids to diagnose diseases.
radiographic: using medical imaging to visualize internal structures.
surgical: treating conditions through operative procedures

Question 15

What are the divisions of the physiology discipline specialities?

Answer 15

cell, organ, systematic, pathological
cell: studying functions of cells and how they interact with eachother
organ: functions of organs and how they function with one another
systematic: how organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis
pathological: how diseases and disorders affect the normal functions of cells, organs, and systems.

Question 16

What are the levels of organization of the body?

Answer 16

1) chemical level: atoms combine to form molecules
2) cellular level: cells are made up of molecules and some can be multicellular and some can be unicellular
3) tissue level: tissues consist of similar types of cells
4) organ level: organs are made up of different types of tissues
5) organ system level:different organs that work together closely
6) organismal level: the human organism is made up of many organ systems

Question 17

What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?

Answer 17

integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, reproductive system

Question 18

What is homeostasis?

Answer 18

the existence of a stable internal environment in the body. systems in the body respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range

Question 19

What are the 2 methods of homeostatic regulation?

Answer 19

negative feedback and positive feedback

Question 20

What is the difference between negative and positive feedback loop?

Answer 20

negative feedback : response reduces stimulus
positive feedback : output exaggerates the stimulus

Question 21

What is the negative feedback loop for high body temperature?

Answer 21

stimulus: body temperature rises above set point
receptor: temperature receptors in the skin detect the increase in body temperature
control centre: the brain specifically hypothalamus recieves the signals from the temperature receptors and initiates a response
effector: blood vessels vasodilate allowing more heat to escape and sweat glands are activates to produce sweat and cool the body.
response: heat loss mechanisms lower temperature back towards the set point restoring equilibrium

Question 22

What is the negative feedback loop for high blood glucose level?

Answer 22

stimulus: blood glucose levels rise above normal range
receptor: beta cells in the pancreas detect the increased level
control center: pancreas releases insulin into the blood stream
effector: body cells take up the blood glucose and glucose levels in the blood decline. insulin release stops
response: glucose is removed from the bloodstream and stored causing the levels to decrease

Question 23

What about positive feedback loop?

Answer 23

stimulus: onset of labor triggers contractions in the uterus
receptor: receptors in the uterine wall detect the increased frequency of contractions
control centre: the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain release oxytocin which stimulate uterine contractions
effector: oxytocin enhances strength and frequency of contractions pushing baby down the birth canal
response: baby is delivered

Question 24

What is anatomical position?

Answer 24

upright body position, feet slightly apart, hands at sides with palms forward