Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomical Position
A
- standing upright
- facing the observer at head level
- eyes facing forward
- feet flat on the floor
- arms at the sides and palms turned forwards
2
Q
Head
A
Cephalic
3
Q
Forehead
A
Frontal
4
Q
Eyes
A
Orbital
5
Q
Nose
A
Nasal
6
Q
Mouth
A
Oral
7
Q
Cheeks
A
Buccal
8
Q
Chin
A
Mental
9
Q
Surrounds the brain
A
Cranial
10
Q
Back of the head
A
Occipital
11
Q
Ear
A
Auricular or Otic
12
Q
Neck
A
Cervical
13
Q
Shoulder
A
Deltoid
14
Q
Arm
A
Brachial
15
Q
Inner elbow Area
A
Antebrachial
16
Q
Wrist
A
Carpal
17
Q
Palm
A
Palmar
18
Q
Elbow
A
Olecranal
19
Q
Back of hand
A
Dorsal of the hand/manus
20
Q
Hand
A
Manus
21
Q
Fingers
A
Digits
22
Q
Thumb
A
Pollex
23
Q
Armpit
A
Axillary
24
Q
Breast
A
Mammary
25
Chest
Pectoral
26
Sternum
Sternal
27
Lower Back
Lumbar
28
Triangular bone at the bottom of the spine, between the hipbones
Sacrum/sacral
29
Abdomen
Abdominal
30
Abdominal
Umbilical
31
Hip
Coxal
32
Groin
Inguinal
33
Buttocks
Gluteal
34
Between anus ∧ external genitalia
Perineal
35
Genital region
Pubic
36
Thigh
Femoral
37
Kneecap
Patellar
38
Side of leg
Fibular or Peroneal
39
Leg
Crural
40
Dorsal of the Kneecap
Popliteal
41
Calf
SUral
42
Ankle
Tarsal
43
Foot
Pedal
44
Heel
Calcaneal
45
Sole
Plantar
46
Toes
Digits
47
Big Toe
Hallux
48
Towards the head
Superior (cranial)
E.g. the head is superior to the abdomen.
49
Away from the head
Inferior (cadual)
E.g. The navel is inferior to the chin.
50
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of.
Ventral (anterior)
E.g. The breastbone is anterior to the spine.
51
Toward or at the back of the body; behind.
Dorsal (Posterior)
E.g. The heart is posterior to the spine.
52
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side.
Medial
E.g. The heart is medial to the arm.
53
Away from the midline of teh body; on the outer side.
Lateral
E.g. the arms are lateral to the chest.
54
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Intermediate
E.g. The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder.
55
Closest to the site of attachment
Proximal
E.g. The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
56
Farther from the site of attachment.
Distal
E.g. The knee is distal to the thigh.
57
Toward or at the body surface.
Superficial (External)
E.g. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
58
Away from the body surface
Deep (internal)
E.g. The lungs are deep to the skin.
59
Ventral and Anterior are synonymous to humans, but why not to 4 legged animals?
Anterior refers to the leading portion of the body, but ventral specifically refers to the "belly" of animals. Likewise, Dorsal and posterior.
60
Define anatomy
anatomy is a study of structure.
61
Define physiology
physiology is the study of body functions
62
Define plane
imaginary flat surface that passes through the body
63
Define Section
flat surface formed when the body is cut by a plane passing through it
64
Define sagittal plane
Divides body vertically into left and right parts
65
What sagittal plane lies on the median/midline
Midsaggital plane
66
What sagittal plane does not lie on the midline
Parasagittal plane
67
What plane divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior parts?
Frontal (coronal) plane
68
Define Transverse (horizontal) plane
Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts.
69
What is the coronal section good at looking at?
right and left side differences
| - E.g. lungs
70
What is transverse section good at looking at?
right and left side differences, but different angles.
71
What is midsagittal section good for looking at?
Ventral (anterior) and dorsal (posterior) comparisons.
72
What is the dorsal body cavity made up of?
cranial and spinal or vertebral cavity.
73
What is the ventral body cavity made up of?
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
74
What are the ventral subdivisions made of?
Thoracic:
- 2x pleural
- pericardial
- superior mediastinal
Abdominopelvic :
- abdominal (no bone protection)
- pelvic
75
What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions? and Where they're located
R+L hypochondriac & epigastric region
R+L lumbar & umbilical region
R+L iliac & hypogastric region.
76
What does each abdominopelvic region contain
R hypochondriac: liver, gallbladder, right kidney
Epigastric region:
stomach, liver, pancreas, right & left kidney
L Hypochondriac: stomach, liver (tip), left kidney, spleen
R Lumbar: liver (tip), small intestines, ascending colon, right kidney
Umbilical: stomach, pancreas, small intestines, transverse colon
L lumbar: small intestines, descending colon, left kidney
R iliac: small intestines, appendix, cecum & ascending colon
Hypogastric: small intestines, sigmoid colon, bladder
L iliac: small intestines, descending colon, sigmoid colon.
77
What is homeostasis?
- maintenance of internal environment.
| - concentration of glucose, blood pressure & temperature.
78
What is external stimuli?
heat/cold and food
79
What is external stimuli?
Physical & psychological stress
80
What are the 6 homeostasis control mechanism stages?
1. Stimulus
2. Receptor
3. Receptor send input info to control center
4. Control center
5. Control center sends output to an effector
6. Effector brings about the change
81
What is negative feedback?
- the effect of the stimulus is reversed or dampened.
- most feedbacks in the body are negative
- Shivering when cold.
82
Positive feedback?
Same concept but the stimulus is enhanced
| - Breast feeding.
