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1805 - Human Anatomy & Physiology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell and it’s 3 main parts?

A

Cell = basic, living, structural & functional unit of the body.

  1. Plasma membrane = cell membrane
  2. Nucleus = contains cellular genetic material
  3. Cytoplasm = intracellular fluid and organelles
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2
Q

What are the 6 cell types?

A

GATHERS INFO & CONTROLS BODY FUNCTIONS
1. Irregular-shaped: Nerve cells
2. Bioconcave disc : redblood cells
CONNECT BODY PARTS, FORM LININGS & TRANSPORT
3. Cube-shaped: kidney tubule cells
4. Column-shaped: intestinal lining cells
5. Spherical: cartilage cells
MOVE ORGANS & BODY PARTS
6. Cylindrical: skeletal muscle cells.

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3
Q

What is the Mitochondria?

A
  • is the AGL
  • 2 membranes with a central cavity called matrix
  • digest organic molecules to produce ATP = powerhouse of the cell.
  • Rich in muscle, liver & Kidneys
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4
Q

What are ribosomes?

A
  • Production plant workers
  • site of protein synthesis; composed of a large and small subunit.
  • some ribosomes free in the cytoplasm otherwise ribosomes are membrane-bound to the RER.
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5
Q

What is the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A
  • Production plant.
  • Synthesizes, proteins for export.
  • contains ribosomes.
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6
Q

What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?

A
  • Detox center/ storage site.
  • synthesizes phospholipids, steroids & fats.
  • detoxifies harmful substances.
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7
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  • Australian Post.

- Synthesis, modification & shipping of proteins.

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8
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A
  • Street sweepers & sewage plant.
  • small membrane enclosed vesicles filled with powerful digestive enzymes.
  • break downs molecules within vesicles that enter endocytosis, removing damaged organelles.
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9
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A
  • Town library
  • double membrane w/ numerous pores; containing DNA.
  • Nucleolus is the center of the nucleus- site of ribosome production
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10
Q

What other ‘structural’ organelles are present?

A
  • centrioles = cell division

- cytoskeleton elements = important for cell shape, movement & intracellular transport.

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11
Q

2 types of cell division?`

A
  • Mitosis (somatic cell division)

- Meiosis (reproductive cell division)

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12
Q

What are phospholipids?

A
  • form lipid bi-layer
  • Hydrophillic = water loving (head)
  • Hydrophobic = water fearing (tail)
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13
Q

What are the 2 polarities?

A
  1. Polar = charged (water, ions, etc.)

2. Non-polar = not charged (lipids)

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14
Q

What are 3 characteristics of the lipid bilayer?

A
  1. permeable to nonpolar molecules
  2. not permeable to ions & polar molecules
  3. Limited permeability for water
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15
Q

What are the 6 membrane proteins & their function?

A
  1. transport - allows larger molecules across membrane
  2. Receptor - binds ligand and changed cell function
  3. Identity marker - distinguishes cells
  4. Enzymes - catalyzes cellular reactions
  5. Anchoring site - anchors cells to cytoskeletal filaments
  6. Cell-adhesion - bind cells to nearby cells or cytoskeleton.
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16
Q

What is cilia?

A
  • small hairlike projections from the cells surface
  • Like nose hairs, moves substances around.
  • lines respiratory tract & ventricles of the brain.
17
Q

What is microvilli?

A
  • extension of plasma membrane
  • increases the surface area of the cell
  • Found throughout the small intestine.
18
Q

What is passive transport?

A
  • moves substances down their concentration gradient with no need for energy.
19
Q

What is active transport?

A

Uses ATP to move substances against their concentration gradients.

20
Q

What is Simple diffusion?

A
  • movement of small, nonpolar (lipid soluble) molecules from an area of high to low concentration.
  • molecules pass through phospholipid molecules of plasma membrane.
21
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A
  • movement of small polar molecules such as ions from an area of high to low concentration.
  • requires protein channels or carriers to pass through plasma membrane.
  • channels are often gated to control movement of molecules.
22
Q

What is Osmotic pressure?

A
  • it’s the amount of hydrostatic pressures required to stop osmosis
  • is a property of a solution that determines the tendency of water to move into it.
23
Q

What is Osmolarity & Tonicity?

A
  • Osmolarity = measure of osmotic pressure in osmol/L

- Tonicity = relative, unless comparison of two solutions in regard to osmotic pressure.

24
Q

What are 3 Tonicities of extracellular fluid?

A
  1. Isotonic = same osmotic pressure (equal, no movement)
  2. Hypotonic = has lower osmotic pressure (water move into cell)
  3. Hypertonic = has higher osmotic pressure (water moves out of cell)
25
Q

What is the primary active transport?

A
  • energy driven process called a pump.
  • moves substances through cell membrane against the concentration.
  • Energy used is ATP
  • Na+/K+ pump
26
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A
  • 3 sodium ions pumped OUT of the cell.

- 2 potassium ions pumped IN to the cell.

27
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Can operate as symport and antiport

1805 - Human Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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