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CMB2007 Human Anatomy > Introduction to Anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

5th intercostal space

A

The gap inferior to the 5th rib, superior to the 6th riplb

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2
Q

Adrenaline

A 
Sympathomimetic catecholamine
(mimics endogenous agonists in sympathetic nervous system), also known as epinephrine
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3
Q

Aldosterone

A

Steroid hormone produced by adrenal cortex, regulates the balance of salt and water in body

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4
Q

Cortisol

A

Steroid hormone produced by adrenal cortex, regulates carbohydrate metabolism

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5
Q

Faecal mass

A

Waste matter eliminated from the bowels

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6
Q

Fascia

A

Sheet of fibrous connective tissue separating muscles, organs and other soft structures

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7
Q

Gall bladder

A

Small, pear-shaped muscular sac located under the right lobe of the liver, stores bile (from liver) until needed for digestion and increases its concentration up to 5x

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8
Q

Inguinal ligament

A

Fibrous ligament stretching between lateral edge of pubic bone and anterior superior iliac spine

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9
Q

Mediastinum

A

Region in mammals between pleural sacs containing the heart and all of the thoracic viscera (organs) except the lungs

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10
Q

Medullary

A

In the medulla or inner core

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11
Q

Necrotic

A

Dead

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12
Q

Noradrenaline

A

Neurotransmitter and hormone with similar effects to adrenaline (norepinephrine)

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13
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the lining around the heart (pericardium), causing chest pain and accumulation of fluid around the heart (pericardial effusion)

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14
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Ring of smooth muscle fibres around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum (first part of small intestine)

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15
Q

Severe peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the tissue layer lining the abdomen and pelvis (peritoneum)

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16
Q

Sex hormones

A

Family of hormones affecting sexual development or reproduction (gonadocorticoids)

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17
Q

Systemic sepsis

A

Presence of bacteria in the blood (septicaemia) or other tissue

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18
Q

Ureters

A

Tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder

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19
Q

Vermiform appendix

A

A small outpouching from the beginning of the large intestine (ascending colon, vermiform means worm-like

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20
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

Nearer to head

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21
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Nearer to feet

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22
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Nearer to front

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23
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Nearer to back

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24
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to Median Plane

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25
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from the median plane

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26
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the point of origin

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27
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the point of origin

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28
Q

Superficial

A

Nearer to or on the surface

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29
Q

Deep

A

Farther from the surface

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30
Q

Dorsum

A

Dorsal surface part of the hand or foot (visible veins in the dorsum of hand)

31
Q

Palm

A

Palmar surface of the hand

32
Q

Sole

A

Plantar surface of the foot

33
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

Looking forwards, standing upright, palms forwards, feet pointing forwards

34
Q

Describe the median plane

A

Runs from the front to the back of the body from head to toe dividing it into two equal halves to each side

35
Q

Describe the sagittal plane

A

Lateral (to the side) of the median plane, it divides the body into two unequal parts on each side

36
Q

Describe the coronal plane

A

Runs from one side of the body, dividing it into a front and back part. The parts may be equal halves or unequal sections

37
Q

What are vertebral levels used for and what characteristic do they have that enables this function?

A

As a way of defining the location of a structure in the vertical plane. They are used as the vertebrae are the only anatomical structures that are consistent between the thorax, abdomen and pelvis

38
Q

What are the four sections of vertebrae?

A

Cervical (C1-7), Thoracic (T1-12), Lumbar (L1-5) and Sacral (S1-5) in descending order

39
Q

What are the 6 surface anatomy boundaries?

A

Head and neck, thorax, upper limb, abdomen, pelvis/ perineum and lower limb

40
Q

The two vertical lines in the abdominal boundary are called

A

Midclavicular lines

41
Q

What are the 2 horizontal planes separating the abdominal boundaries?

A

Transpyloric and transtubercular plane

42
Q

The top 3 abdominal regions

A

Right and left hypochondrium and epigastriun

43
Q

What are the 3 middle abdominal regions?

A

Right and left lumbar and umbilical

44
Q

What are the 3 bottom abdominal regions?

A

Right and left iliac fossa and hypogastrium

45
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, fibro and elastic

46
Q

Is the most widely present type of cartilage in the body. It is present in adults as articular cartilage in joints and in the respiratory system as support for the airways (e.g. the rings of cartilage around the trachea).

A

Hyaline cartilage

47
Q

Is found in articular disks within joints, in intervertebral discs and around the edge of ball and socket joints to enlarge the surface area of the socket. This type is tougher than hyaline cartilage.

A

Fibrocartilage

48
Q

Is highly resilient due to the elastic fibres contained in its structure. We find this in the external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and parts of the larynx.

A

Elastic cartilage

49
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Soft bones, often caused by Vitamin D deficiency

50
Q

How does a female’s pelvis differ to a male’s

A

Flatter and wider

51
Q

At what vertebral levels does the heart sit?

A

T5 superiorly to T9 inferiorly

52
Q

At what vertebral levels does the diaphragm sit?

A

While at rest, the highest point of the diaphragm is level with T9; inferiorly it is attached to the body wall level with T12

53
Q

From where does the aorta arise?

A

Left ventricle

54
Q

What vertebral levels do the lungs sit between

A

T1 superiorly to T12 at their most inferior point in the posterior thorax

55
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Blood or fluid accumulation in the pericardium leading to compression of the heart preventing the ventricles from expanding fully limiting blood supply

56
Q

What prevents the constantly moving organs in the thorax from being damaged by friction?

A

Pleura is connective tissue that surrounds heart and lungs, watery fluid layer lies between surfaces reducing friction

57
Q

What is special about the pulmonary artery that carries blood from the right of the heart to the lungs?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood, blood vessels categorised more by their wall structure hence why it’s an artery

58
Q

What might be the consequences of puncturing the pleura

A

Air enters thoracic cavity causing lungs to collapse

59
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

Acts as a physiological barrier to pathogens and a reservoir and blender for ingested food

60
Q

Name the three areas of the stomach

A

The fundus, the body and the antrum

61
Q

Name the three sections of the small intestine

A

The duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum

62
Q

Name the four sections of the large intestine

A

The caecum, the colon, the rectum and the anal canal

63
Q

What are the four named divisions of the colon?

A

The ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon and the sigmoid colon

64
Q

Where is faecal mass stored?

A

The rectum

65
Q

What is the spleen?

A

A secondary lymphoid tissue and a vital component of the immune system

66
Q

What is the spleen’s main role?

A

It filters the blood, removing aged red blood cells and collecting antigen

67
Q

Describe the surface anatomy of the stomach

A

The stomach lies in the upper half of the abdomen, across the midline into the left hypochondrium

68
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A

Kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters and urethra

69
Q

Describe the position of the kidneys

A

The kidneys are located on the posterior body wall of the abdomen in the right and left hypochondrium from T12 to L3

70
Q

Describe the position of the urinary bladder

A

The bladder is located below the suprapubic region in the lesser pelvis, deep to the pubic bone

71
Q

Which kidney is higher and why do you think this is?

A

The left kidney is usually higher. The right kidney is displaced inferiorly by the large right lobe of the liver

72
Q

Crystal aggregations that form in the collecting ducts of the kidneys and may be deposited anywhere from the kidney to the urethra

A

Kidney stones

73
Q

What are the common causes of kidney stones?

A

Dehydration and diet

CMB2007 Human Anatomy (4 decks)

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