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CMB2007 Human Anatomy > Introduction to Anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

5th intercostal space

A

The gap inferior to the 5th rib, superior to the 6th riplb

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2
Q

Adrenaline

A 
Sympathomimetic catecholamine
(mimics endogenous agonists in sympathetic nervous system), also known as epinephrine
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3
Q

Aldosterone

A

Steroid hormone produced by adrenal cortex, regulates the balance of salt and water in body

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4
Q

Cortisol

A

Steroid hormone produced by adrenal cortex, regulates carbohydrate metabolism

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5
Q

Faecal mass

A

Waste matter eliminated from the bowels

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6
Q

Fascia

A

Sheet of fibrous connective tissue separating muscles, organs and other soft structures

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7
Q

Gall bladder

A

Small, pear-shaped muscular sac located under the right lobe of the liver, stores bile (from liver) until needed for digestion and increases its concentration up to 5x

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8
Q

Inguinal ligament

A

Fibrous ligament stretching between lateral edge of pubic bone and anterior superior iliac spine

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9
Q

Mediastinum

A

Region in mammals between pleural sacs containing the heart and all of the thoracic viscera (organs) except the lungs

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10
Q

Medullary

A

In the medulla or inner core

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11
Q

Necrotic

A

Dead

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12
Q

Noradrenaline

A

Neurotransmitter and hormone with similar effects to adrenaline (norepinephrine)

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13
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the lining around the heart (pericardium), causing chest pain and accumulation of fluid around the heart (pericardial effusion)

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14
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Ring of smooth muscle fibres around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum (first part of small intestine)

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15
Q

Severe peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the tissue layer lining the abdomen and pelvis (peritoneum)

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16
Q

Sex hormones

A

Family of hormones affecting sexual development or reproduction (gonadocorticoids)

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17
Q

Systemic sepsis

A

Presence of bacteria in the blood (septicaemia) or other tissue

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18
Q

Ureters

A

Tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder

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19
Q

Vermiform appendix

A

A small outpouching from the beginning of the large intestine (ascending colon, vermiform means worm-like

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20
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

Nearer to head

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21
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Nearer to feet

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22
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Nearer to front

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23
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Nearer to back

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24
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to Median Plane

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25
Lateral
Farther from the median plane
26
Proximal
Nearer to the point of origin
27
Distal
Farther from the point of origin
28
Superficial
Nearer to or on the surface
29
Deep
Farther from the surface
30
Dorsum
Dorsal surface part of the hand or foot (visible veins in the dorsum of hand)
31
Palm
Palmar surface of the hand
32
Sole
Plantar surface of the foot
33
Describe the anatomical position
Looking forwards, standing upright, palms forwards, feet pointing forwards
34
Describe the median plane
Runs from the front to the back of the body from head to toe dividing it into two equal halves to each side
35
Describe the sagittal plane
Lateral (to the side) of the median plane, it divides the body into two unequal parts on each side
36
Describe the coronal plane
Runs from one side of the body, dividing it into a front and back part. The parts may be equal halves or unequal sections
37
What are vertebral levels used for and what characteristic do they have that enables this function?
As a way of defining the location of a structure in the vertical plane. They are used as the vertebrae are the only anatomical structures that are consistent between the thorax, abdomen and pelvis
38
What are the four sections of vertebrae?
Cervical (C1-7), Thoracic (T1-12), Lumbar (L1-5) and Sacral (S1-5) in descending order
39
What are the 6 surface anatomy boundaries?
Head and neck, thorax, upper limb, abdomen, pelvis/ perineum and lower limb
40
The two vertical lines in the abdominal boundary are called
Midclavicular lines
41
What are the 2 horizontal planes separating the abdominal boundaries?
Transpyloric and transtubercular plane
42
The top 3 abdominal regions
Right and left hypochondrium and epigastriun
43
What are the 3 middle abdominal regions?
Right and left lumbar and umbilical
44
What are the 3 bottom abdominal regions?
Right and left iliac fossa and hypogastrium
45
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline, fibro and elastic
46
Is the most widely present type of cartilage in the body. It is present in adults as articular cartilage in joints and in the respiratory system as support for the airways (e.g. the rings of cartilage around the trachea).
Hyaline cartilage
47
Is found in articular disks within joints, in intervertebral discs and around the edge of ball and socket joints to enlarge the surface area of the socket. This type is tougher than hyaline cartilage.
Fibrocartilage
48
Is highly resilient due to the elastic fibres contained in its structure. We find this in the external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and parts of the larynx.
Elastic cartilage
49
Osteomalacia
Soft bones, often caused by Vitamin D deficiency
50
How does a female's pelvis differ to a male's
Flatter and wider
51
At what vertebral levels does the heart sit?
T5 superiorly to T9 inferiorly
52
At what vertebral levels does the diaphragm sit?
While at rest, the highest point of the diaphragm is level with T9; inferiorly it is attached to the body wall level with T12
53
From where does the aorta arise?
Left ventricle
54
What vertebral levels do the lungs sit between
T1 superiorly to T12 at their most inferior point in the posterior thorax
55
Cardiac tamponade
Blood or fluid accumulation in the pericardium leading to compression of the heart preventing the ventricles from expanding fully limiting blood supply
56
What prevents the constantly moving organs in the thorax from being damaged by friction?
Pleura is connective tissue that surrounds heart and lungs, watery fluid layer lies between surfaces reducing friction
57
What is special about the pulmonary artery that carries blood from the right of the heart to the lungs?
Carries deoxygenated blood, blood vessels categorised more by their wall structure hence why it's an artery
58
What might be the consequences of puncturing the pleura
Air enters thoracic cavity causing lungs to collapse
59
What are the functions of the stomach?
Acts as a physiological barrier to pathogens and a reservoir and blender for ingested food
60
Name the three areas of the stomach
The fundus, the body and the antrum
61
Name the three sections of the small intestine
The duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum
62
Name the four sections of the large intestine
The caecum, the colon, the rectum and the anal canal
63
What are the four named divisions of the colon?
The ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon and the sigmoid colon
64
Where is faecal mass stored?
The rectum
65
What is the spleen?
A secondary lymphoid tissue and a vital component of the immune system
66
What is the spleen's main role?
It filters the blood, removing aged red blood cells and collecting antigen
67
Describe the surface anatomy of the stomach
The stomach lies in the upper half of the abdomen, across the midline into the left hypochondrium
68
What does the urinary system consist of?
Kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters and urethra
69
Describe the position of the kidneys
The kidneys are located on the posterior body wall of the abdomen in the right and left hypochondrium from T12 to L3
70
Describe the position of the urinary bladder
The bladder is located below the suprapubic region in the lesser pelvis, deep to the pubic bone
71
Which kidney is higher and why do you think this is?
The left kidney is usually higher. The right kidney is displaced inferiorly by the large right lobe of the liver
72
Crystal aggregations that form in the collecting ducts of the kidneys and may be deposited anywhere from the kidney to the urethra
Kidney stones
73
What are the common causes of kidney stones?
Dehydration and diet

CMB2007 Human Anatomy (4 decks)

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