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Anatomy > Introduction to Anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

The study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

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2
Q

What two categories is microscopic anatomy divided into?

A

Cytology and histology.

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3
Q

What is cytology?

A

The study of cells, the basic functional unit of life.

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4
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissues, groups of cells working together for a specific function.

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5
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

The study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye.

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6
Q

What is an example of a gross anatomical structure?

A

Organs, bones, muscles etc.

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7
Q

How are gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy related?

A

Microscopic anatomy is the study of cells and tissues, these cells and tissues work to make up structures that can be seen with the naked eye, such as organs, bones, and muscles (which fall under gross anatomy).

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8
Q

What are the three types of gross anatomy?

A

Surface anatomy, regional anatomy, systemic anatomy.

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9
Q

What is surface anatomy?

A

A type of gross anatomy. The study of surface structures of the body, such as bony landmarks like the spine and muscle outlines.

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10
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

A type of gross anatomy. The study of specific regions of the body, like the head, neck, abdomen, pelvis and limbs.

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11
Q

What is systemic anatomy?

A

A type of gross anatomy. The study of the body’s organ systems, such as the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and muscular systems.

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12
Q

Microscopic anatomy focuses on ______-scale structures, while gross anatomy focuses on _______-scale structures.

A

Small, larger

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13
Q

What are the 6 levels of organization in the human body, from simplest to most complex?

A
  1. Chemical/Molecular Level
  2. Cellular Level
  3. Tissue Level
  4. Organ Level
  5. Organ System Level
  6. Organism Level
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14
Q

Chemical/molecular level: What four elements comprise 99% of the body?

A

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon.

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15
Q

What are the major classes of molecules found in the body?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.

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16
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Provide energy and structural support (glucose, glycogen, cellulose).

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17
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Store energy, form cell membranes, act as hormones (fats, oils, cholesterol).

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18
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A

Perform various functions, including structural support, enzyme catalysis, and transport (enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin).

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19
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

Store and transport genetic information (DNA/RNA).

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20
Q

What are tissues?

A

Tissues are groups of cells with similar structure and function.

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21
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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22
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

Covers body surfaces and lines organs (bone, cartilage, blood).

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23
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Contracts to produce movement (skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle).

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24
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Transmits electrical signals for communication and control (brain, spinal cord).

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25
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Supports and protects organs (bone, cartilage, blood).

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26
Q

What are organs made of and what do they do?

A

organs are composed of multiple tissue types working together to perform a specific function (heart, lungs, liver).

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27
Q

What is the function of organ systems?

A

Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to carry out processes (circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system).

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28
Q

Integumentary System

A

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands. Protects the body, regulates temperature, senses the environment, synthesizes vitamin D.

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29
Q

Skeletal System

A

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons. provides structural support, protects organs, stores minerals, produces blood cells, enables movement.

30
Q

Muscular System

A

Skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle. Enables movement, maintains posture, generates heat, supports organs.

31
Q

Nervous System

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors. Controls and coordinates body functions, senses the environment, responds to stimuli.

32
Q

Endocrine System

A

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes. Regulates body functions through hormones.

33
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries). Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body.

34
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus. Fights infection, maintains fluid balance, absorbs fats.

35
Q

Respiratory System

A

Lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.

36
Q

Digestive System

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas. Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste.

37
Q

Urinary System

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra. Filters waste products from blood and maintains fluid balance.

38
Q

Reproductive System

A

Produces offspring. Male: Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland. urethra, penis. Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, cervix, breasts.

39
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment (regulation of temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar, pH).

40
Q

What is disease?

A

The deviation from normal health or function, characterized by a set of symptoms and signs.

41
Q

What is pathology?

A

The study of disease (causes, development, and effects of abnormal conditions). Pathologists examine tissues, cells, and fluids to diagnose diseases and understand their underlying mechanisms. They play a crucial role in medical research and clinical practice.

42
Q

Why is the language of anatomy important?

A

The language of anatomy is used for communicative purposes and to give precise information. Latin and Greek words are the basis of numerous anatomical terms.

43
Q

What is superficial anatomy?

A

The study of the surface structures of the body.

44
Q

What are anatomical landmarks?

A

Specific points or features on the body used for reference in describing the location of other structures.

45
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

The standard reference point for describing body structures. Defined as:
- Standing erect
- Facing forward
- Arms at the sides, palms facing forward
- Legs together, feet pointing forward

46
Q

What is supine?

A

Lying face up.

47
Q

What is prone?

A

Lying face down.

48
Q

What is anterior?

A

Front

49
Q

What is posterior?

A

Back

50
Q

What is ventral?

A

Front (animal)

51
Q

What is dorsal?

A

Back (animal)

52
Q

What is superior?

A

Above reference point.

53
Q

What is inferior?

A

Below reference point.

54
Q

What is medial?

A

The midline of the body.

55
Q

What is lateral?

A

The sides of the body.

56
Q

What is superficial?

A

Closer to the surface of the body.

57
Q

What is deep?

A

Further from the surface of the body.

58
Q

What is proximal?

A

Closer to trunk/origin of a limb.

59
Q

What is distal?

A

Further from the trunk or origin of a limb.

60
Q

Use anatomical terms. The head is ________ to the chest.

A

Superior.

61
Q

Use anatomical terms. The heart is __________ to the spine.

A

Anterior.

62
Q

Use anatomical terms. The arms are ____________ to the torso.

A

Lateral.

63
Q

Use anatomical terms. The skin is ___________ to the muscles.

A

Superficial.

64
Q

Use anatomical terms. The elbow is _____________ to the wrist.

A

Proximal.

65
Q

What is sectional anatomy?

A

The study of the body or its organs as revealed by sections or slices.

66
Q

What is a sagittal plane?

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts.

67
Q

What is a midsagittal plane?

A

A sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves (goes through the midline of the body).

68
Q

What is a parasagittal plane?

A

A sagittal plane that divides the body into unequal left and right parts.

69
Q

What is a transverse plane?

A

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

70
Q

What is a frontal plane?

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) parts.

71
Q

Imagine that you are focused solely on the study of the hand (regional focus). What might be some limitations to this approach?For instance, imagine you were studying just the arteries and the nerves in the hand.

A

Limitations: Nerves begin in the armpit. The hand’s arteries and nerves are part of a larger circulatory system. Studying them in isolation might miss crucial interactions with other organs and systems. The hand’s movement and function are influenced by muscles, bones, and joints of the arm and shoulder. Isolating the arteries and nerves could lead to overlooking such connections (ignoring pathway of continuity).
Some advantages are that focusing only on the hand can help us to understand its anatomy, physiology and pathology better. Wounds on the hand can be treated without stressing over other parts of the body (superficial or deep wound).

Anatomy (7 decks)

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