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Biomedicine in relation to dentistry > Introduction to anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How would you describe the anatomical position of body? (6)

A
  • body standing upright
  • head and eyes facing forward
  • arms relaxed by sides
  • palms facing forwards
  • feet shoulder width apart
  • toes pointing forwards
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2
Q

What is the purpose of anatomical planes?

A

Provide points of reference for structure and movements

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3
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Vertical plane dividing right and left sides of body

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4
Q

What is the coronal (frontal) plane?

A

Vertical plane dividing body into front and back parts

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5
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

Horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower parts

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6
Q

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘superior (cranial/rostral)’?

A

inferior (caudal)

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7
Q

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Proximal’?

A

Distal

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8
Q

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Medial’?

A

Lateral

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9
Q

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘anterior (ventral/rostral)’?

A

posterior (dorsal)

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10
Q

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Superficial’?

A

Deep

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11
Q

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Internal’?

A

external

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12
Q

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Ipsilateral’?

A

Contralateral

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13
Q

What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Unilateral’?

A

bilateral

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14
Q

What is the function of the skeleton? (5)

A
  • support
  • movement
  • protection
  • haematopoiesis
  • Storage (calcium and phosphorus)
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15
Q

What constitutes that axial skeleton?

A

The head, spine, ribcage/trunk area

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16
Q

What constitutes that appendicular skeleton?

A

The limbs, hands, feet, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle

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17
Q

How would you describe the shape of a long bone? and give 1 example

A

Tubular

Femur

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18
Q

How would you describe the shape of a short bone? and where would these be found?

A

Cuboidal

Ankle and wrist

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19
Q

Give 2 examples of flat bones.

What is their function?

A

Cranium

Sternum

Protection

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20
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone

A

vertebra

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21
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

Where can you find these?

A

It is a small round bone that is imbedded within a tendon

Knee, thumb, big toe

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22
Q

What is the purpose of a sesamoid bone?

A

It reinforces and decreases stress on that tendon

23
Q

What is the purpose of a ‘process for articulation’?

A

It forms a joint

24
Q

Head, neck, condyle, trochlea and facet - are all example of what type of bone markings?

A

Process for articulation

25
Q

Name 2 parts of a bone that would count as ‘elevations and projections’

A

Process

Ramus (pl. ramae)

26
Q

Give 2 examples of processes where tendons or ligaments attach

A 
Trochanter
Tuberosity
Tubercle
Crest
Line
27
Q

Name 2 types of bone depressions

A

Fossa, sulcus

28
Q

Give 2 examples of bone openings

A

Foramen
Fissure meatus/canal
Sinus/Antrum

29
Q

Name 3 different types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

30
Q

Give 2 examples of where you’d find hyaline cartilage

A 
Ribs
Nose
Larynx
Trachea
Articular surfaces of bone
31
Q

Give 2 examples of where you’d find fibrocartilage

A

Intervertebral discs

Pubic symphysis

32
Q

Give 2 examples of where you’d find elastic cartilage

A

External ear
Larynx
Epiglottis

33
Q

What is the purpose of hyaline cartilage?

A

To provide a smooth and compressible surface

34
Q

What colour does elastic cartilage stain with certain dyes?

A

Black

35
Q

What is another word for joints?

A

Articulation

36
Q

What joins fibrous joints?

A

Collagen

37
Q

What joins cartilaginous joints?

A

Cartilage

38
Q

What are the 4 basic common features of synovial joints?

A
  1. Ends of bones covered by hyaline cartilage
  2. Joint cavity
  3. Joint capsule
  4. Synovial membrane

(they may also have discs or bursa)

39
Q

Name 3 subtypes of fibrous joints

A

Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

40
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of cartilaginous joints - and what is the difference?

A

Primary cartilaginous joints - joined by hyaline cartilage

Secondary cartilaginous joints - joined by fibrocartilage

41
Q

In what 2 ways can synovial joints be classified by?

A

Shape and movement

42
Q

Give 3 examples of synovial joints classified by shape

A 
Hinge
Pivot
Ball & socket
Saddle 
Ellipsoid/condylar 
Plane
43
Q

Give 3 examples of synovial joints classified by movement

A

Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

44
Q

Name the 3 types of muscle

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal (voluntary)

45
Q

What are the 3 functions of skeletal muscle

A

Produce heat
Maintain posture
Produce movement

46
Q

What are the 4 requirements for movement?

A

Skeleton with rigid elements
Movable joints
Skeletal muscles
Nervous system

47
Q

What are the 3 different types of muscle contraction?

A
  • Reflexive (automatic)
  • Tonic (e.g. back/postural)
  • Phasic: isometric (muscle length stays the same),
    isotonic (muscle changes length and there is movement) (concentric/eccentric)
48
Q

Give 3 examples of variations in muscle movement

A

Muscles for facial expression

Diaphragm

Thoracolumbar aponeurosis

49
Q

What is the purpose of ligaments?

A

Connect bone to bone, give joints support and limit range of movement

50
Q

What is the purpose of tendons?

A

Attach muscle to bone.

51
Q

What do you call sheets of tendons?

Give an example

A

Aponeuroses

Diaphragm
Plantar aponeurosis

52
Q

What is fascia?

A

Thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds everything in place

53
Q

Where can you find fascia?

A

Surrounding organs.

Separating tissue layers

Muscle compartments

Biomedicine in relation to dentistry (3 decks)

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