Introduction to anatomy Flashcards
How would you describe the anatomical position of body? (6)
- body standing upright
- head and eyes facing forward
- arms relaxed by sides
- palms facing forwards
- feet shoulder width apart
- toes pointing forwards
What is the purpose of anatomical planes?
Provide points of reference for structure and movements
What is the sagittal plane?
Vertical plane dividing right and left sides of body
What is the coronal (frontal) plane?
Vertical plane dividing body into front and back parts
What is the transverse plane?
Horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower parts
What is the opposing/paired word with ‘superior (cranial/rostral)’?
inferior (caudal)
What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Proximal’?
Distal
What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Medial’?
Lateral
What is the opposing/paired word with ‘anterior (ventral/rostral)’?
posterior (dorsal)
What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Superficial’?
Deep
What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Internal’?
external
What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Ipsilateral’?
Contralateral
What is the opposing/paired word with ‘Unilateral’?
bilateral
What is the function of the skeleton? (5)
- support
- movement
- protection
- haematopoiesis
- Storage (calcium and phosphorus)
What constitutes that axial skeleton?
The head, spine, ribcage/trunk area
What constitutes that appendicular skeleton?
The limbs, hands, feet, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle
How would you describe the shape of a long bone? and give 1 example
Tubular
Femur
How would you describe the shape of a short bone? and where would these be found?
Cuboidal
Ankle and wrist
Give 2 examples of flat bones.
What is their function?
Cranium
Sternum
Protection
Give an example of an irregular bone
vertebra
What is a sesamoid bone?
Where can you find these?
It is a small round bone that is imbedded within a tendon
Knee, thumb, big toe
What is the purpose of a sesamoid bone?
It reinforces and decreases stress on that tendon
What is the purpose of a ‘process for articulation’?
It forms a joint
Head, neck, condyle, trochlea and facet - are all example of what type of bone markings?
Process for articulation
Name 2 parts of a bone that would count as ‘elevations and projections’
Process
Ramus (pl. ramae)
Give 2 examples of processes where tendons or ligaments attach
Trochanter Tuberosity Tubercle Crest Line
Name 2 types of bone depressions
Fossa, sulcus
Give 2 examples of bone openings
Foramen
Fissure meatus/canal
Sinus/Antrum
Name 3 different types of cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Give 2 examples of where you’d find hyaline cartilage
Ribs Nose Larynx Trachea Articular surfaces of bone
Give 2 examples of where you’d find fibrocartilage
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Give 2 examples of where you’d find elastic cartilage
External ear
Larynx
Epiglottis
What is the purpose of hyaline cartilage?
To provide a smooth and compressible surface
What colour does elastic cartilage stain with certain dyes?
Black
What is another word for joints?
Articulation
What joins fibrous joints?
Collagen
What joins cartilaginous joints?
Cartilage
What are the 4 basic common features of synovial joints?
- Ends of bones covered by hyaline cartilage
- Joint cavity
- Joint capsule
- Synovial membrane
(they may also have discs or bursa)
Name 3 subtypes of fibrous joints
Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
What are the 2 subtypes of cartilaginous joints - and what is the difference?
Primary cartilaginous joints - joined by hyaline cartilage
Secondary cartilaginous joints - joined by fibrocartilage
In what 2 ways can synovial joints be classified by?
Shape and movement
Give 3 examples of synovial joints classified by shape
Hinge Pivot Ball & socket Saddle Ellipsoid/condylar Plane
Give 3 examples of synovial joints classified by movement
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
Name the 3 types of muscle
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal (voluntary)
What are the 3 functions of skeletal muscle
Produce heat
Maintain posture
Produce movement
What are the 4 requirements for movement?
Skeleton with rigid elements
Movable joints
Skeletal muscles
Nervous system
What are the 3 different types of muscle contraction?
- Reflexive (automatic)
- Tonic (e.g. back/postural)
- Phasic: isometric (muscle length stays the same),
isotonic (muscle changes length and there is movement) (concentric/eccentric)
Give 3 examples of variations in muscle movement
Muscles for facial expression
Diaphragm
Thoracolumbar aponeurosis
What is the purpose of ligaments?
Connect bone to bone, give joints support and limit range of movement
What is the purpose of tendons?
Attach muscle to bone.
What do you call sheets of tendons?
Give an example
Aponeuroses
Diaphragm
Plantar aponeurosis
What is fascia?
Thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds everything in place
Where can you find fascia?
Surrounding organs.
Separating tissue layers
Muscle compartments
