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Biomedicine in relation to dentistry > Anatomy of respiration > Flashcards

Anatomy of respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 bones that make up the sternum

A

Manubrium
body
Xiphoid process

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2
Q

What bones make up the thoracic skeleton? (6)

A 
Superior thoracic aperture 
Vertebrae 
Ribs
Costal cartilages
Sternum
Inferior thoracic aperture
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3
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

It is where the second ribs join (articulate) the sternum

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4
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

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5
Q

Name the sections of the vertebral column from top to bottom

A 
Cervical
Thoracic 
Lumbar
Sacral 
Coccygeal
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6
Q

How many vertebrae are involved in the cervical section of the spine?

A

7

C1-C7

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7
Q

How many vertebrae are involved in the thoracic section of the spine?

A

12

T1-T12

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8
Q

How many vertebrae are involved in the lumbar section of the spine?

A

5

L1-L5

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9
Q

How many vertebrae are involved in the sacral section of the spine?

A

5

S1-S5

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10
Q

Which section of the spine is most relevant when considering the mechanics of respiration?

A

The thoracic

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11
Q

What two components make up the vertebral arch?

A 
Pedicles and laminae
Vertebral foramen (hole in the middle)
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12
Q

Name the 4 processes within the thoracic vertebrae

A

Transverse
Spinous
Superior articulated processes
Inferior articulated processes

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13
Q

What are the intervertebral discs made out of?

A

Cartilage- they are cartilaginous joints

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14
Q

What are facet joints made out of?

A

They are synovial joints

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15
Q

which ribs are considered to be true ribs? Why is this?

A

The first 7 ribs

They are considered true ribs as they form direct joints with the sternum

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16
Q

Which ribs are considered as false ribs? Why is this?

A

Ribs 8, 9, 10

They only connect with the sternum indirectly via interchondral joints with the costal cartilage of the rib above that forms costal margin

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17
Q

Which ribs are called floating ribs?

Why is this?

A

Ribs 11 & 12

Because they don’t connect to the sternum at all. They are embedded in muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

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18
Q

Which ribs are considered to be a typical shape?

A

Ribs 3-9

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19
Q

Which ribs are considered to be atypical in shape?

A

10-12

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20
Q

What features make ribs 3-9 typical? (6)

A 
Head with 2 facets (form joints with costal facets on vertebral body) 
Neck
Tubercle
Angle
Costal groove
Costal cartilage
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21
Q

Name the joints of the thorax

7

A 
Manubriosternal
Xiphisternal
Sternocostal
Costochondral
Interchondral
Costovertebral
Costotransverse
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22
Q

Where would you find the costovertebral joint?

A

Head of the rib (2 facets) forms joints with own numbered vertebra and the one above

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23
Q

Where would you find the costotransverse joints?

A

Tubercle of the rib (articular portion) forms joint with transverse process of own numbered vertebra

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24
Q

In what ways can the thorax move?

A

Superior and anterior movements of the sternum

Elevation of lateral shaft of rib (vertical axis, where diaphragm expands)

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25
Q

What shape is the diaphragm?

A

Dome-shaped sheet of muscle

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26
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm?

A

To increase thoracic volume by contracting (lowers the dome)

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27
Q

Where does the diaphragm attach?

A

At the xiphoid process

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28
Q

What nerves innervate the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerves - that arises from the C3, C4, C5 nerve roots in the neck

29
Q

Is this a somatic or autonomic innervation of the diaphragm?

A

somatic- can control breathing to an extent

30
Q

Describe the blood supply of the diaphragm

A

Superior and inferior phrenic arteries (direct branches of aorta).

Periocardiacophrenic and musculophrenic arteries (Branches of the internal thoracic)

31
Q

How many layers of intercostal muscles are there?

Name them

A

3:

External intercostals, Internal intercostals, innermost intercostals

32
Q

Which type of intercostal muscle is involved in inhalation?

A

External

33
Q

Which type of intercostal muscle is involved in exhalation?

A

internal and innermost

34
Q

Which nerves innervate the intercostal muscles?

A

Anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves

35
Q

Describe the blood supply for the intercostal muscles

A

Posterior intercostal arteries (direct branches of aorta) -> this supplies the majority of blood to muscles

Anterior intercostal arteries (branches of internal thoracic arteries)

36
Q

What vein system is responsible for venous drainage in the posterior intercostal veins?

A

Azygous vein system

37
Q

Which veins are responsible for venous drainage in the anterior intercostal veins?

A

Internal thoracic veins

38
Q

Which muscles are considered to be the primary muscles of respiration?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

39
Q

Which muscles are considered to be the secondary muscles of respiration?

A

Pectoralis (major and minor), sternocleidomastoid (down the side of the neck), scalenes

40
Q

What mechanism/muscles are utilised during quiet inspiration?

A

Diaphragm

41
Q

What mechanism/muscles are utilised during deep inspiration?

A

Diaphragm, external intercostal muscles

42
Q

What mechanism/muscles are utilised during deepest inspiration?

A

Diaphragm & external intercostals

PLUS
pec major and minor, scalenes, serratus anterior, SCM (sternocleidomastoid muscle )

43
Q

What mechanism/muscles are utilised during quiet expiration?

A

Elastic recoil of lung

Relaxation of diaphragm

44
Q

What mechanism/muscles are utilised during forced expiration?

A

Abdominal muscles
Internal/innermost intercostals

+ potentially others

45
Q

What aspects make up the upper resp tract?

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

46
Q

What aspects make up the lower resp tract?

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Lungs

47
Q

What is the important function of the larynx?

A

Voice

Acts as a ‘lid’- builds abdominal and thoracic pressure (e.g. coughing)

48
Q

Outline the 3 features of the trachea

A

C-shaped cartilage rings

Carina (where trachea splits into 2)

Angle of primary branch/bronchi (usually more horizontal - to prevent anything inhaled to go down here)

49
Q

How many types of bronchi are there - name them

A

3 - primary, secondary, tertiary

50
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Portion of lung supplied by specific segmental bronchus and its vessels

51
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 (superior, inferior)

52
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 (superior, middle, inferior)

53
Q

Name the 3 surfaces of the lungs

A

Costal (ribs)
Diaphragmatic (diaphragm)
Mediastinal (medially towards heart)

54
Q

What fissure does both the left AND right lung have?

A

Oblique fissure (separates inferior from other lobes)

55
Q

What additional fissure does the right lung have?

A

Horizontal fissure (separates superior from other lobes)

56
Q

Do the pulmonary arteries travel more superiorly or inferiorly in the root of the lungs?

A

More superior, compared to the veins

57
Q

Which arteries provide the lungs with nutritive blood?

A

bronchial arteries

58
Q

What type of blood does the pulmonary circulation provide to the lungs?

A

re-oxygenated blood

59
Q

What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the lungs?

A

pleural memrane

60
Q

How would you describe the pleural membrane?

A

As a ‘doubled back membrane’ with 2 layers - visceral and parietal

61
Q

Which pleura (layer) is tightly adhered to thoracic wall?

A

parietal pleura

62
Q

Which pleura is directly next to the lung itself?

A

visceral pleura

63
Q

What would happen to the lung if air was to penetrate the pleural layers?

A

Lung would collapse

64
Q

What are the functions of the pleura?

A

Smooth movement of lungs (serous membrane that secretes fluid - also affects surface tension)

Surface tension and negative pressure between pleural layers keeps the lung surface in contact with thoracic wall (intrapleural pressure)

65
Q

Do lungs fully occupy the pleural cavity?

A

No. It is ‘potential space’

66
Q

What 2 main recesses are in the pleural cavity?

A

Costomediastinal recesses

Costodiaphragmatic recesses (towards base of lungs)

67
Q

Which nerves supply the mediastinal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the parietal pleura?

A

phrenic nerves

68
Q

Which nerves supply the costal surfaces of the parietal pleura?

A

Intercostal nerves

Biomedicine in relation to dentistry (3 decks)

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