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Biomedicine in relation to dentistry > Anatomy of respiration > Flashcards

Anatomy of respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 bones that make up the sternum

A

Manubrium
body
Xiphoid process

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2
Q

What bones make up the thoracic skeleton? (6)

A 
Superior thoracic aperture 
Vertebrae 
Ribs
Costal cartilages
Sternum
Inferior thoracic aperture
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3
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

It is where the second ribs join (articulate) the sternum

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4
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

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5
Q

Name the sections of the vertebral column from top to bottom

A 
Cervical
Thoracic 
Lumbar
Sacral 
Coccygeal
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6
Q

How many vertebrae are involved in the cervical section of the spine?

A

7

C1-C7

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7
Q

How many vertebrae are involved in the thoracic section of the spine?

A

12

T1-T12

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8
Q

How many vertebrae are involved in the lumbar section of the spine?

A

5

L1-L5

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9
Q

How many vertebrae are involved in the sacral section of the spine?

A

5

S1-S5

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10
Q

Which section of the spine is most relevant when considering the mechanics of respiration?

A

The thoracic

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11
Q

What two components make up the vertebral arch?

A 
Pedicles and laminae
Vertebral foramen (hole in the middle)
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12
Q

Name the 4 processes within the thoracic vertebrae

A

Transverse
Spinous
Superior articulated processes
Inferior articulated processes

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13
Q

What are the intervertebral discs made out of?

A

Cartilage- they are cartilaginous joints

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14
Q

What are facet joints made out of?

A

They are synovial joints

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15
Q

which ribs are considered to be true ribs? Why is this?

A

The first 7 ribs

They are considered true ribs as they form direct joints with the sternum

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16
Q

Which ribs are considered as false ribs? Why is this?

A

Ribs 8, 9, 10

They only connect with the sternum indirectly via interchondral joints with the costal cartilage of the rib above that forms costal margin

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17
Q

Which ribs are called floating ribs?

Why is this?

A

Ribs 11 & 12

Because they don’t connect to the sternum at all. They are embedded in muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

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18
Q

Which ribs are considered to be a typical shape?

A

Ribs 3-9

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19
Q

Which ribs are considered to be atypical in shape?

A

10-12

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20
Q

What features make ribs 3-9 typical? (6)

A 
Head with 2 facets (form joints with costal facets on vertebral body) 
Neck
Tubercle
Angle
Costal groove
Costal cartilage
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21
Q

Name the joints of the thorax

7

A 
Manubriosternal
Xiphisternal
Sternocostal
Costochondral
Interchondral
Costovertebral
Costotransverse
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22
Q

Where would you find the costovertebral joint?

A

Head of the rib (2 facets) forms joints with own numbered vertebra and the one above

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23
Q

Where would you find the costotransverse joints?

A

Tubercle of the rib (articular portion) forms joint with transverse process of own numbered vertebra

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24
Q

In what ways can the thorax move?

A

Superior and anterior movements of the sternum

Elevation of lateral shaft of rib (vertical axis, where diaphragm expands)

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25
What shape is the diaphragm?
Dome-shaped sheet of muscle
26
What is the function of the diaphragm?
To increase thoracic volume by contracting (lowers the dome)
27
Where does the diaphragm attach?
At the xiphoid process
28
What nerves innervate the diaphragm?
The phrenic nerves - that arises from the C3, C4, C5 nerve roots in the neck
29
Is this a somatic or autonomic innervation of the diaphragm?
somatic- can control breathing to an extent
30
Describe the blood supply of the diaphragm
Superior and inferior phrenic arteries (direct branches of aorta). Periocardiacophrenic and musculophrenic arteries (Branches of the internal thoracic)
31
How many layers of intercostal muscles are there? Name them
3: External intercostals, Internal intercostals, innermost intercostals
32
Which type of intercostal muscle is involved in inhalation?
External
33
Which type of intercostal muscle is involved in exhalation?
internal and innermost
34
Which nerves innervate the intercostal muscles?
Anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves
35
Describe the blood supply for the intercostal muscles
Posterior intercostal arteries (direct branches of aorta) -> this supplies the majority of blood to muscles Anterior intercostal arteries (branches of internal thoracic arteries)
36
What vein system is responsible for venous drainage in the posterior intercostal veins?
Azygous vein system
37
Which veins are responsible for venous drainage in the anterior intercostal veins?
Internal thoracic veins
38
Which muscles are considered to be the primary muscles of respiration?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
39
Which muscles are considered to be the secondary muscles of respiration?
Pectoralis (major and minor), sternocleidomastoid (down the side of the neck), scalenes
40
What mechanism/muscles are utilised during quiet inspiration?
Diaphragm
41
What mechanism/muscles are utilised during deep inspiration?
Diaphragm, external intercostal muscles
42
What mechanism/muscles are utilised during deepest inspiration?
Diaphragm & external intercostals PLUS pec major and minor, scalenes, serratus anterior, SCM (sternocleidomastoid muscle )
43
What mechanism/muscles are utilised during quiet expiration?
Elastic recoil of lung | Relaxation of diaphragm
44
What mechanism/muscles are utilised during forced expiration?
Abdominal muscles Internal/innermost intercostals + potentially others
45
What aspects make up the upper resp tract?
Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx
46
What aspects make up the lower resp tract?
Trachea Primary bronchi Lungs
47
What is the important function of the larynx?
Voice Acts as a 'lid'- builds abdominal and thoracic pressure (e.g. coughing)
48
Outline the 3 features of the trachea
C-shaped cartilage rings Carina (where trachea splits into 2) Angle of primary branch/bronchi (usually more horizontal - to prevent anything inhaled to go down here)
49
How many types of bronchi are there - name them
3 - primary, secondary, tertiary
50
What are bronchopulmonary segments?
Portion of lung supplied by specific segmental bronchus and its vessels
51
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2 (superior, inferior)
52
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3 (superior, middle, inferior)
53
Name the 3 surfaces of the lungs
Costal (ribs) Diaphragmatic (diaphragm) Mediastinal (medially towards heart)
54
What fissure does both the left AND right lung have?
Oblique fissure (separates inferior from other lobes)
55
What additional fissure does the right lung have?
Horizontal fissure (separates superior from other lobes)
56
Do the pulmonary arteries travel more superiorly or inferiorly in the root of the lungs?
More superior, compared to the veins
57
Which arteries provide the lungs with nutritive blood?
bronchial arteries
58
What type of blood does the pulmonary circulation provide to the lungs?
re-oxygenated blood
59
What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the lungs?
pleural memrane
60
How would you describe the pleural membrane?
As a 'doubled back membrane' with 2 layers - visceral and parietal
61
Which pleura (layer) is tightly adhered to thoracic wall?
parietal pleura
62
Which pleura is directly next to the lung itself?
visceral pleura
63
What would happen to the lung if air was to penetrate the pleural layers?
Lung would collapse
64
What are the functions of the pleura?
Smooth movement of lungs (serous membrane that secretes fluid - also affects surface tension) Surface tension and negative pressure between pleural layers keeps the lung surface in contact with thoracic wall (intrapleural pressure)
65
Do lungs fully occupy the pleural cavity?
No. It is 'potential space'
66
What 2 main recesses are in the pleural cavity?
Costomediastinal recesses Costodiaphragmatic recesses (towards base of lungs)
67
Which nerves supply the mediastinal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the parietal pleura?
phrenic nerves
68
Which nerves supply the costal surfaces of the parietal pleura?
Intercostal nerves

Biomedicine in relation to dentistry (3 decks)

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