Introduction to Analytical Chemistry Flashcards
Branch of chemistry dealing with quantitative and qualitative determination for the characterization of matter.
Analytical Chemistry
“Science of chemical measurements”
Analytical Chemistry
It deals with
o Separating,
o Identifying,
o And quantifying the amount(s) of the component(s) of an analyte.
Analytical Chemistry
The component/s of a sample that are to be determined
Analyte
How can the species of interest be separated from the sample matrix for better quantitation and identification?
Separation
Does the sample contain substance A?
Detection
What is the identity of the substance in the sample?
Identification
How much of substance A is in the sample?
Quantitation
Two Types of chemical analysis
Quantitative Analysis & Qualitative Analysis
Deals with the determination of how much
more of one or more constituent is present.
Quantitative Analysis
Deals with the identification of elements, ions, and compounds in a sample.
Qualitative Analysis
Uses chemical analysis and instrumental analysis
Quantitative Analysis
Uses elemental analysis and indentification of sample structure to be analyzed
Qualitative Analysis
Representative of the tested material
Sample
all substances in the sample
Matrix
specific substance we measure
Analyte
- Gathering measurements
- Reporting results
- Posing a question
- Using an appropriate sample
- Sample preparation
Analytical technique
Occurs with other substances but exhibits preferences for the substance of interest
Selective Test/Reaction
Only with the substance of interest
Specific test/reaction
It is a scientific principle useful in providing information about composition.
Technique
It is the adaptation of the technique selective for the sample, a means to analyze a sample of a certain analyte in a specific matrix.
Method
It outlines directions for the use of the method.
Procedure
It is the set of stringent written directions that must be followed for a given purpose and requirement.
Protocol
Provide the hierarchy of methodology
1.Technique
2. Method
3. Procedure
4. Protocol
Methods of Analysis
Classical Method & Instrumental Method
The earliest methods of analysis
Classical Method
These analyses are based on the changes in mass or volume to determine the amount of analyte
Classical Method
Also termed as wet chemical methods as these involves liquid phases in analysis.
Classical Method
Involves the isolation and/or conversion of a sought-for
substance into a form that can be weighed directly/indirectly.
Gravimetry
Involves the measurement of the volume of a solution
containing sufficient reagent (titrant) to react with the analyte.
Volumetry
Utilize electrical properties related to the analyte to
measure its amount.
Electrochemical
Take advantages of the interaction of the electromagnetic
radiation with analyte to measure its amount.
Spectroscopic
Involves manipulation of temperature to produce the measured parameter.
Thermoanalytical
Involve separation of sample components based on affinity to a mobile and stationary phase.
Chromatographic
most popular coupled methods to enhance analytical performance
chromatographic methods combined with spectroscopic
methods.
Types of Analysis
Complete Analysis, Partial Analysis & Ultimate Analysis
All constituents in the sample are being determined quantitatively.
Complete Analysis
Determines the number of certain constituents in a sample,
Partial Analysis
Percent of each element in a substance, usually for determining the formula of a substance.
Ultimate Analysis
Provide the required sample mass of each method:
Macro:
Semimicro:
Micro:
Ultramicro:
Macro: >100mg
Semimicro: 10-100mg
Micro: 1-10mg
Ultramicro: <1mg
Provide method to be used in each given sample mass
1. >100mg
2. 10-100mg
3. 1-10mg
4. <1mg
- Macro
- Semimicro
- Micro
- Ultramicro
Provide the type of constituent applicable for each analyte level
1. >1%
2. 0.01-1%
3. 0.001-0.01%
4. <0.0001-0.001%
- Major
- Minor
- Trace
- Ultra-trace
Provide the type of analyte level applicable for each constituent
1. Major
2. Minor
3. Trace
4. Ultra-trace
- > 1%
- 0.01-1%
- 0.001-0.01%
- <0.0001-0.001%
Provide the correct order of steps in quantitative analysis
Step 1: Make of an overall plan
Step 2: Sampling
Step 3: Sample Presentation
Step 4: Analysis
Step 5: Calculation and Evaluation of Result
Provide the correct order of steps in quantitative analysis
Step 1: Make of an overall plan
Step 2: Sampling
Step 3: Sample Presentation
Step 4: Analysis
Step 5: Calculation and Evaluation of Result
