Introduction to anaemia Flashcards
Anemia is the _____ of haemoglobin concentration OR. RBC in blood.
Reduction. easy one eh
To determine whether the patient is anemic, we analyse the ____ OR ____ of the FBC.
Hb and Pack cell volume (PCV)
In anemia,
Male: Hb
Male Hb < 13g/dL , PCV <41L/L
Female Hb < 12g/dL , PCV <36L/L
No matter the cause of anemia, the RBC indices will remain the same, standard value. True or False?
FALSE. There will be variations in the RBC indices depending on the mechanism or cause of anemia.
Functional unit of RBC is_____
Haemoglobin lahhhh
Give the three main reason the body develop anemia
- loss of RBC
- Rapid destruction of RBC and bone marrow cannot keep up
- Bone marrow impaired
Iron, _____ and folic acid deficiency leads to decrease RBC production.
Cobalamin
Loss of RBC can occur through chronic _____ or acute ______.
chronic hemorrhage or acute trauma.
basically the person bleed so much that the RBC decreases rapidly
Methyldopa, a medication for high blood pressure can cause ______.
Haemolysis
Incompatible blood, trauma and _____ also causes haemolysis.
sickle cell disease
Infants are at risk of anemia if they are born _____.
Prematurely
Patients with gastrointestinal disorders are at risk of developing anemia. True or False?
TRUE, because they might have a problem in iron absorption.
What are the three types of anemia?
Microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic, depending on the MCV results
What are the etiology of normocytic anemia? At least 3.
Acute blood loss (main) Chronic disease Hemolysis Infection Inflammation Malignancy Renal Insufficiency Sickle cell disease
What are the etiology of macrocytic anemia? At least 3.
Alcoholism Bone marrow disorders Hypothyroidism Liver disease Chemotherapy Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency
What are the etiology of microcytic anemia?
Iron deficiency
Thalassemia
Chronic disease
Anemia patients have low oxygen carrying ability, they can have tissue____.
hypoxia
Signs and symptoms of anemia examples:
Pallor (looking pale) Fatigue Headache Dizziness Faintness muscular weakness
Yellowing in eye and skin due to anemia.
Jaundice
In severe anemia, the patient might experience angina and heart attack! True or False?
TRUE, because oxygen is chronically diminished
FBC, blood smear and ________ are used to screen for anaemia.
urine or stool examination
Why do we want to perform laboratory investigation for anemic patients?
To diagnose and find the cause of anemia
How can we find out the cause of anaemia?
we can do this through Hb electrophoresis (for thalassemia), serum ferritin, iron, TIBC and genetic studies (inherited or not).
Serum iron studies are analysed in _____anemia
microcytic
Reticulocyte count is analysed in______ anemia
normocytic
Megalocytes and segmented neutrophils are analysed in ______anemia
macrocytic
How to measure effectiveness of bone marrow?
through reticulocyte count. The higher the count, the more effective the bone marrow
Why reticulocytes are released earlier than usual? What are they called?
Due to the demand for RBC in circulation. They are known as stress or shift reticulocytes.
How to differentiate stress/shift reticulocytes and normal reticulocyte?
Romanowsky-stained smear, the stress/shift reticulocyte demonstrates as large polychromatophilic cells (very pigmented)
The younger the reticulocytes, the _______ the maturation time
longer
How to quantify reticulocyte maturity? What does it tell you?
Assess using fluorescence intensity that reflects the maturity of the reticulocytes.
RNA is stained with fluorescent dye.
- low fluorescent reticulocytes (LFR) = little RNA = Mature
- medium fluorescent reticulocyte (MFR) = more RNA = immature
- high fluorescent reticulocyte (HFR) = high RNA = very immature
Corrected reticulocyte count is also known as RPI. What is RPI?
Reticulocyte production index
Formula of RPI =
[retic x (Hct / 45)] / maturation factor = RPI
Maturation factor is approximately how long it takes for ______ to transform into ________ once released in ________ at a particular degree of anemia
reticulocyte to RBC, peripheral blood
Hypoproliferative bone marrow has a retic index of ____. Means that the bone marrow is not responding appropriately.
less than 2
Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) can be investigated through ________
Bone marrow evaluation
Bone marrow evaluation are not commonly done, but can provide additional information. What can it evaluate?
- Haematologic abnormalities in peripheral blood smear
- primary bone disorder
- Metabolic storage disorders
