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PATHO HUP3810 > Introduction to anaemia > Flashcards

Introduction to anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Anemia is the _____ of haemoglobin concentration OR. RBC in blood.

A

Reduction. easy one eh

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2
Q

To determine whether the patient is anemic, we analyse the ____ OR ____ of the FBC.

A

Hb and Pack cell volume (PCV)

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3
Q

In anemia,

Male: Hb

A

Male Hb < 13g/dL , PCV <41L/L

Female Hb < 12g/dL , PCV <36L/L

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4
Q

No matter the cause of anemia, the RBC indices will remain the same, standard value. True or False?

A

FALSE. There will be variations in the RBC indices depending on the mechanism or cause of anemia.

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5
Q

Functional unit of RBC is_____

A

Haemoglobin lahhhh

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6
Q

Give the three main reason the body develop anemia

A
  1. loss of RBC
  2. Rapid destruction of RBC and bone marrow cannot keep up
  3. Bone marrow impaired
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7
Q

Iron, _____ and folic acid deficiency leads to decrease RBC production.

A

Cobalamin

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8
Q

Loss of RBC can occur through chronic _____ or acute ______.

A

chronic hemorrhage or acute trauma.

basically the person bleed so much that the RBC decreases rapidly

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9
Q

Methyldopa, a medication for high blood pressure can cause ______.

A

Haemolysis

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10
Q

Incompatible blood, trauma and _____ also causes haemolysis.

A

sickle cell disease

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11
Q

Infants are at risk of anemia if they are born _____.

A

Prematurely

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12
Q

Patients with gastrointestinal disorders are at risk of developing anemia. True or False?

A

TRUE, because they might have a problem in iron absorption.

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13
Q

What are the three types of anemia?

A

Microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic, depending on the MCV results

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14
Q

What are the etiology of normocytic anemia? At least 3.

A 
Acute blood loss (main)
Chronic disease
Hemolysis
Infection
Inflammation
Malignancy
Renal Insufficiency
Sickle cell disease
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15
Q

What are the etiology of macrocytic anemia? At least 3.

A 
Alcoholism
Bone marrow disorders
Hypothyroidism
Liver disease
Chemotherapy
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
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16
Q

What are the etiology of microcytic anemia?

A

Iron deficiency
Thalassemia
Chronic disease

17
Q

Anemia patients have low oxygen carrying ability, they can have tissue____.

A

hypoxia

18
Q

Signs and symptoms of anemia examples:

A 
Pallor (looking pale)
Fatigue
Headache
Dizziness
Faintness
muscular weakness
19
Q

Yellowing in eye and skin due to anemia.

A

Jaundice

20
Q

In severe anemia, the patient might experience angina and heart attack! True or False?

A

TRUE, because oxygen is chronically diminished

21
Q

FBC, blood smear and ________ are used to screen for anaemia.

A

urine or stool examination

22
Q

Why do we want to perform laboratory investigation for anemic patients?

A

To diagnose and find the cause of anemia

23
Q

How can we find out the cause of anaemia?

A

we can do this through Hb electrophoresis (for thalassemia), serum ferritin, iron, TIBC and genetic studies (inherited or not).

24
Q

Serum iron studies are analysed in _____anemia

A

microcytic

25
Q

Reticulocyte count is analysed in______ anemia

A

normocytic

26
Q

Megalocytes and segmented neutrophils are analysed in ______anemia

A

macrocytic

27
Q

How to measure effectiveness of bone marrow?

A

through reticulocyte count. The higher the count, the more effective the bone marrow

28
Q

Why reticulocytes are released earlier than usual? What are they called?

A

Due to the demand for RBC in circulation. They are known as stress or shift reticulocytes.

29
Q

How to differentiate stress/shift reticulocytes and normal reticulocyte?

A

Romanowsky-stained smear, the stress/shift reticulocyte demonstrates as large polychromatophilic cells (very pigmented)

30
Q

The younger the reticulocytes, the _______ the maturation time

A

longer

31
Q

How to quantify reticulocyte maturity? What does it tell you?

A

Assess using fluorescence intensity that reflects the maturity of the reticulocytes.

RNA is stained with fluorescent dye.

  • low fluorescent reticulocytes (LFR) = little RNA = Mature
  • medium fluorescent reticulocyte (MFR) = more RNA = immature
  • high fluorescent reticulocyte (HFR) = high RNA = very immature
32
Q

Corrected reticulocyte count is also known as RPI. What is RPI?

A

Reticulocyte production index

33
Q

Formula of RPI =

A

[retic x (Hct / 45)] / maturation factor = RPI

34
Q

Maturation factor is approximately how long it takes for ______ to transform into ________ once released in ________ at a particular degree of anemia

A

reticulocyte to RBC, peripheral blood

35
Q

Hypoproliferative bone marrow has a retic index of ____. Means that the bone marrow is not responding appropriately.

A

less than 2

36
Q

Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) can be investigated through ________

A

Bone marrow evaluation

37
Q

Bone marrow evaluation are not commonly done, but can provide additional information. What can it evaluate?

A
  1. Haematologic abnormalities in peripheral blood smear
  2. primary bone disorder
  3. Metabolic storage disorders

PATHO HUP3810 (6 decks)

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