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PPO 1 > Introduction to Amblyopia > Flashcards

Introduction to Amblyopia Flashcards

1
Q

“Lazy eye” is also known as what?

A

Amblyopia.

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2
Q

True or False: Amblyopia is the functional loss of vision attributable to pathology.

A

False. Not attributable to pathology.

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3
Q

What age does amblyopia usually develop?

A

Age 6-8 and may persist for life once established.

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4
Q

In an amblyopic eye, brain receives 2 images, one clear and one blurred. This is also known as what? What mechanism occurs afterwards?

A

Anisometropia. Brain wants one clear image so the eye with the best picture wins and the the eye with worst picture turns off.

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5
Q

What three problems does amblyopia cause with binocular vision? What other problem does amblyopia cause?

A

Poor eye tracking, poor accommodative response, and suppression of one eye. Also loss of depth perception (3-D)

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6
Q

True or False: Amblyopia is a reduction in VA to 20/30 or worse in one eye or a two line difference between the two eyes.

A

True.

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7
Q

True or False: For amblyopia to exist, the visual pathway does not develop normally because of inadequate stimulation.

A

True.

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8
Q

Amblyopia is a major cause of loss in vision in what age group?

A

Under 45 year age group.

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9
Q

Amblyopia affect approximately what percention of the population in the US?

A

2%.

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10
Q

What are some causes of amblyopia? (Name 4).

A

Form deprivation, optical defocus (anisometropia, meridional, isoametropia which is equal but large refractive error), strabismus or eye turn.

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11
Q

Physical obstruction along the line of sight is called what? Name some examples of this.

A

Form deprivation. Congenital cataracts; congenital ptosis; Traumatic cataracts; Corneal opacities.

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12
Q

When does form deprivation usually occur?

A

Before age of 8 to cause amblyopia.

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13
Q

The degree to which amblyopia develops depends on what?

A

The time of onset and the extent of the form deprivation.

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14
Q

True or False: Form deprivation allows for clear, sharp images to reach the retina.

A

False. Prevents a clear, sharp image from reaching the retina.

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15
Q

Refractive amblyopia (or optical defocus) has three main categories. What are they?

A

Anisometropic, meridional, and isoametropic.

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16
Q

What is defined as an unequal refractive error between the two eyes, usually more than 1.00D difference?

A

Anisometropic refractive amblyopia.

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17
Q

Which refractive problem can tolerate a larger amount of anisometropia without a reduction in the VA?

A

Myopia OU.

18
Q

True or False: Myopic patients may not have as severe an amblyopia even with 5.00D of anisometropia.

A

True.

19
Q

Amblyopia will occur sooner in which refractive condition?

A

Hyperopia OU.

20
Q

True or False: Hyperopic patients will not demonstrate amblyopia with just 1.00D of anisometropia.

A

False. Patient may demonstrate amblyopia with even 1.00D of anisometropia.

21
Q

A general rule for amblyopia is that the more severe the ___________, the more severe the ___________, and the worse the __________.

A

Anisometropia, amblyopia, visual acuity.

22
Q

Uncorrected high astigmatism OU is referred to as what?

A

Meridional refractive amblyopia.

23
Q

Amblyopia will not usually occur until there is at least ____D to ___D of uncorrected astigmatism.

A

1.50, 2.00D.

24
Q

High degrees of ametropia in both eyes is referred to as what?

A

Isoametropic refractive amblyopia.

25
Q

Isoametropia is assoicated with hyperopia more than _____D and myopia more than _____D in both eyes.

A

5.00, 8.00D.

26
Q

True or False: Strabismic amblyopia may combine with anisometropia to cause a greater reduction in VA.

A

True.

27
Q

What is being described?
OD -2.50D (see fine at near)
OS -1.00D (see fine at near and OK at distance).

A

Myopic anisometropic.

28
Q

What is being described?
OD +2.00DS (blurry at distance and near)
OS +1.00DS (clear at distance and near).

A

Hyperopic anisometropic.

29
Q

What is being described?
OD plano -3.00 X 180 (blurry at distance and near)
OS plano -3.50 X 180 (blurry at distance and near).

A

Meridional.

30
Q

What is being described?
OD +6.00DS (blurry at distance and near)
OS +6.50DS (blurry at distance and near).

A

Isoametropic.

31
Q

Constant eye turn is most common cause of what?

A

Amblyopia.

32
Q

Is it dangerous if two images are not fused and confused for the brain?

A

Yes. The brain will “switch off” one eye and cause strabismus.

33
Q

True or False: Intermittent eye turn leads to less severe amblyopia or no amblyopia at all.

A

True.

34
Q

True or False: All cases of reduced vision are due to amblyopia.

A

False. Reduced VA can be due to organic/pathological loss of vision, psychogenic or hysterical loss of vision, or recent onset pathology.

35
Q

What happens when amblyopia is left untreated?

A

Reduced Stereopsis, occupational exclusions (ex: cannot be a pilot), reduced visual performance (ex: driving), lack of a “reserve” or “backup eye”.

36
Q

Why is it important to diagnose amblyopia in children?

A

Amblyopia is treatable and preventable if detected early.

37
Q

What are 4 tests used in diagnosing amblyopia?

A

VA, plus lens test, cover test, and stereopsis.

38
Q

What some treatments of amblyopia?

A

Remove the amblyopic factor by removing congenital cataract, repair ptosis, correct the refractive error, correct the eye turn.

39
Q

What is the most common way of treating amblyopia?

A

Patch the good eye to encourage use of the amblyopic eye.

40
Q

Optical correction for an amblyopic patient will improve VA in about what percentage of patients?

A

25%.

41
Q

True or False: Not all children treated before the age of 5 will recover some vision.

A

False. Most will recover most of their vision.

42
Q

Will children over the age of 10 improve by a significant amount if amblyopia is being treated?

A

Yes.

PPO 1 (7 decks)

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