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Obstetrics And Gynecology > Introduction To Abortion > Flashcards

Introduction To Abortion Flashcards

1
Q

What is Abortion?

A

Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by either expulsion or extraction before 28 weeks of gestation and when fetal weight < 1000g

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2
Q

Abortion can either be?

A

Spontaneous (Miscarriage which is 10%-15%) OR Artificial (Induced)

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3
Q

When do early abortions occur?

A

<12 weeks

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4
Q

When does late abortion occur?

A

> 12 weeks

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5
Q

Aetiology of Abortion:

A
  1. Hereditary
  2. Uterine abnormalities
  3. Infections
  4. Endocrine disorders
  5. Immunological factors
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6
Q

The commonest cause of spontaneous abortions is

A

Chromosomal abnormality

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7
Q

The two categories of chromosomal abnormalities that may cause spontaneous abortions are:

A
  1. Numerical (autosomal trisomies polyploidy) e.g Trisomy 16, Monosomy X (Turner’s syndrome)
  2. Structural : Parental chromosomal abnormalities e.g balanced translocation.
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8
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities cause how many percent of early abortions?

A

50-60%

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9
Q

Uterine abnormalities that can cause abortion are either?

A

Congenital Uterine deformities and Acquired

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10
Q

Examples of congenital Uterine deformities that can cause abortions are?

A

Hypoplastic Uterus
Double uterus
Longitudinal Uterine Septum

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11
Q

Examples of acquired uterine abnormalities that can lead to abortion?

A
  1. Cervical incompetence
  2. Pelvic tumors (e.g uterine myoma and ovarian tumor)
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12
Q

What infections can lead to abortions?

A
  1. Bacteria, toxin and viruses getting into fetal blood.
  2. Systemic infections like malaria and pyelonephritis
  3. Local infections like UTI and Bacterial vaginosis
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13
Q

What endocrine disorders can cause abortions?

A

Hypo/Hyperthyroidism

Hypofunction of the corpus luteum (luteal phase dysfunction)

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14
Q

What immunological factors can cause abortions?

A
  1. APS
  2. Blood type incompatibility between mother and fetus - Rh & ABO
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15
Q

Types of abortions

A

Threatened abortion
Inevitable abortion
Complete abortion
Incomplete abortion
Missed abortion

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16
Q

What is threatened abortion?

A

Threatened abortion is when pregnancy is complicated by vaginal bleeding before the 28th week.

17
Q

If pain is not a prominent feature of threatened abortion, what is?

A

A lower abdominal dull ache that accompanies the vaginal bleeding

18
Q

Vaginal examination at this stage of threatened abortion usually reveals?

A

Closed cervix

19
Q

25-50% of threatened abortion result into?

A

Pregnancy loss

20
Q

Inevitable abortion describes what?

A

When a clinical pregnancy is complicated by vaginal bleeding and cramp-like lower abdominal pain.

21
Q

Vaginal examination in inevitable abortion shows?

A

The cervix is frequently partially dilated (attesting to the inevitability of the process)

22
Q

What is incomplete abortion?

A

Abortion that is complicated & characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain, cervical dilatation and passage of products of conception which women often describe as pieces of skin or liver.

23
Q

Complete abortion occurs after?

A

The passage of all products of conception

24
Q

What happens to uterine contractions, bleeding, cervix and uterus after complete abortion?

A

Uterine contractions - abate
Bleeding - abates
Cervix - becomes closed
Uterus - becomes smaller that a period of amenorrhea would suggest.

25
Q

After complete abortion, there will still be symptoms of pregnancy. True or False?

A

False

26
Q

A pregnancy test done after complete abortion will be?

A

Negative

27
Q

What is missed abortion?

A

Occurs when the fetus dies in the uterus and is retained for some weeks

28
Q

How does missed abortion manifest?

A

It manifests as decrease in uterine size and loss of symptoms of pregnancy

29
Q

In missed abortion, there is risk of?

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy

30
Q

In missed abortion, fibrinogen levels should be checked weekly until?

A

The fetus and placenta are expelled

31
Q

Recurrent abortion or habitual abortion is when?

A

There have been three consecutive spontaneous abortions which does not necessarily have to occur in the same month of pregnancy.

32
Q

Threatened abortion can lead to either of two things. What are they?

A

Inevitable abortion and continuing pregnancy

33
Q

Inevitable abortion can either lead to?

A

Complete and incomplete abortions

34
Q

Causes of early abortions?

A
  1. Chromosomal abnormalities (60-80%)
  2. APS
  3. Hypofunction of corpus luteum (luteal phase dysfunction)
35
Q

Causes of late abortion?

A
  1. Congenital Uterine abnormalities like Double uterus, Hypoplastic uterus etc.
  2. Pelvic tumors like uterine myoma
  3. Blood type incompatibility between mother and fetus

Obstetrics And Gynecology (4 decks)

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