Introduction, Review of Terminology

Question 1

Anatomical position

Answer 1

head facing anteriorly and in the midline, arms adjacent to the sides with palms facing forward, lower extremities close together with feel parallel and toes anteriorly

Question 2

Sagittal (medial) plane

Answer 2

vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves

Question 3

frontal (coronal) plane

Answer 3

vertical plane that divides the body into into anterior and posterior parts; perpendicular to the sagittal plane

Question 4

transverse plane

Answer 4

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Question 5

superior

Answer 5

toward the head

Question 6

inferior

Answer 6

toward the sole of foot

Question 7

cranial

Answer 7

toward the head

Question 8

caudal

Answer 8

towards the tail or end of spinal column

Question 9

anterior

Answer 9

front surface of the body

Question 10

posterior

Answer 10

back surface of the body or nearer the back

Question 11

medial

Answer 11

neartest to or towards the midline

Question 12

lateral

Answer 12

farther away from the midline

Question 13

proximal

Answer 13

nearest the point of attachment or reference point

Question 14

distal

Answer 14

farthest away from the point of attachment or reference point

Question 15

unilateral

Answer 15

one side of the body

Question 16

bilateral

Answer 16

occurs on both sides of the body

Question 17

ipsilateral

Answer 17

something occurring on the same side of the body as another structure

Question 18

contralateral

Answer 18

something occurring on the opposite side of the body as another structure

Question 19

synarthroses (non-synovial) joints

Answer 19

fixed or rigid; little or no movement within joints

Question 20

diarthroses (synovial)

Answer 20

freely movable; space between the bones

Question 21

3 types of synarthroses

Answer 21

syntosis
syndesmosis
synchondrosis

Question 22

syntosis

Answer 22

bone connected to bone

ex. skull

Question 23

syndesmosis (fibrous joints)

Answer 23

bones that connect bone via cartilage of connective fibrous; slight mobility

Question 24

synchondrosis

Answer 24

cartilage connecting bone together; separated by hyaline or fibrocartilage; permits slight to moderate movement while providing stability/mobility
ex. where the ribs meet the sternum; spine

Question 25

5 components of a synovial joint

Answer 25

``` fibrous joint capsule joint cavity synovial membrane synovial fluid articular (hyaline) cartilage ```

Question 26

fibrous capsule

Answer 26

attaches to periosteum; ligaments may or may not be separated from the capsule; limited blood supply; highly innervated

Question 27

synovial membrane

Answer 27

secretes synovial fluid; poorly innervated; good blood supply

Question 28

Synovial joints are classified by....

Answer 28

shape of articulating surface or movements permitted

Question 29

Planar

Answer 29

two flat surfaces meeting with each other; more of a gliding motion occurring ex. AC joint, facet joints

Question 30

hinge

Answer 30

humeroulnar - elbow, talocrural -ankle

Question 31

ball and socket

Answer 31

shoulder and hip

Question 32

bicondylar

Answer 32

most motion is going through one axis | ex. tibiofemoral (knee)

Question 33

pivot

Answer 33

radiounlar joint during pronation and supination

Question 34

saddle

Answer 34

convex on concave in one plane and concave on convex in another

Question 35

ellipsoidal

Answer 35

formed where the oval of the one bone fits into the oval cup-shaped end of another bone; allows joint movement backwards and forwards and from side to side

Question 36

uniaxial

Answer 36

motion occurs in one plane around a single axes

Question 37

biaxial

Answer 37

motion occurs in 2 planes around 2 axes

Question 38

multiaxial

Answer 38

free to move around 3 planes and 3 axes

Question 39

osteokinematics

Answer 39

the swing of the bone, gross motion controlled through active muscle contraction ex. flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, etc.

Question 40

arthrokinematics

Answer 40

movement that occurs at the joint surfaces during the osteokinematic motion that is controlled by internal forces ex. roll, glide, or slide

Question 41

concave on convex

Answer 41

when the convex surface is fixed and the concave surface is moving on it, roll and glide occur in the same direction ex. tibiofemoral joint (knee) - tibia is moving anteriorly and gliding anteriorly

Question 42

convex on concave

Answer 42

when the concave surface is fixed and the convex surface is moving on it, roll and glide occur in the opposite direction ex. glenohumeral joint (shoulder) - roll anteriorly and glides posteriorly

Question 43

active range of motion

Answer 43

movement of a joint through unrestricted ROM that is produced by active contraction of the muscles crossing that joint

Question 44

limitations of AROM

Answer 44

``` restricted joint mobility weakness decreased muscle length pain injury to an area unwillingness to move inability to follow instructions ```

Question 45

Look for these in AROM

Answer 45

quality of movement compensations/substitutions amount of movement patient reaction

Question 46

passive range of motion

Answer 46

movement that occurs within unrestricted range of the joint and is produced entirely by an external force

Question 47

PROM contraindications

Answer 47

fracture or dislocation immediately following surgery presence of myositis ossificans

Question 48

end feel

Answer 48

quality of resistance to movement that an examiner feels at the end of a passive movement

Question 49

normal end feels

Answer 49

bony approximation tissue stretch soft tissue approximation

Question 50

abnormal end feels

Answer 50

empty - end feel that is limited due to pain bony capsular - tissue stretch before normal end range springy block - feels like something is stuck in the joint spasm/hard - hard end feel, no bone area

Question 51

stabilization

Answer 51

helps provide isolated movement at the joint being tested