introduction & repetition Flashcards
political system of the uk
constitutional monarchy
1801 act of union
ireland would have 100 mps in the house of commons
what is the industrial revolution?
a process of change from handmade economy to an industrialised one. 1770 - 1830
greatest invention of the industrial revolution
steam engine
queen victoria
ruled 1837 - 1901, also wore the title of an empress of india
the sues canal
constructed in the 1800s, bought by the british on the initiatie of benjamin disraeli
start of the french revolution
1789, france
battle over the bastille fort
climax of the first french revolution
declaration of the right of men
1789, france, “all men are born and remain free and equal in right”
1792, france
the declaration of the first french republic
1804, france
france was proclaimed an empire under napoleon’s rules
battle of waterloo
1815, napoleon’s last battle
the bourbon restoration
1814-1830, under louis xviii, house of bourbon returned to power after the fall of the first french empire. later ruled by charles x. constitutional monarchy
the july revolution
1830, also known as the second french revolution. it marked the shift from a constitutional monarchy under charles x to the july monarchy, with louis philippe as the king
the february revolution
1848, Paris, led to the end of the july monarchy and paved the way for the second french empire.
the second french empire
1852-1870 under the rule of napoleon the third. in its early years it was an authoritarian state with heavily restricted civil liberties
achievments of the second french empire
economic growth and industrialisation; bettering at foreign policy
1815 vienna settlements
reduced france to its 1789 borders and formed the german confederation
kingdom of prussia
1701-1918, formed by frederick the first, had a bicameral parliament
zollverein / german customs union
a customs union of 1834 consisting of 28 out of 39 german federal states. internal tariffs were abolished and a common trade policy was developed with outside states
junkers
prussian nobility
the seven weeks war
austro-prussian war in 1866; prussia challenged austria for the leadership over the german confederation. it resulted in the treaty of prague,
the treaty of prague 1866
- annexation of Hanover, Nassau, Frankfurt and the danish states by prussia
- formation of the north german confederation
north german confederation
formed in 1866, an union of northern german states north of the main river.
second step to german unification
reichstag
the federal state’s lower house of parliament. it debated and approved (or not) taxes and laws and also could propose laws on its own.
the franco-prussian war consequences
- estabilishment of the second reich
- estabilishment of the third french republic
- italian annexion of the papal states
the second reich
founded on 18th january 1871; william the first was the german emperor and bismarck the chancellor; federal state consisting of four kingdoms and three cities; constituional monarchy in theory, authoritarian in practice
foreign policy of the second reich
very peaceful; bismarcks two concerns were the balkan peninsula and france
four stages of german unification
Step 1- War with Denmark.
Step 2- 7 Weeks War- 1866.
Step 3 – Creation of the Northern German Confederation – 1867.
Step 4 – Franco-Prussian War. (1870- 1871)
the austrian empire
started in 1804 by francis the second (later francis the first) in response to the proclamation of the first french empire
who started the hapsburg dynasty
rudolf the first in the 13th century
list the emperors of austrian empire
francis the first, ferdinard the first and franz joseph the first
compromise between hungary and austria name
ausgleich
ausgleich what did it establish
austria and hungary shared a common ruler and ministries; hungary was given full internal autonomy and the parliament was re-estabilished
kingdom of sardinia
an italian state in north western italy; until 1848 it was an absolute monarchy, but then it switched to a constitutional monarchy
the papal staet
756-1870, capital in rome, absolute monarchy
kingdom of two scillies
largest italian state, in southern part of italy; house of bourbon
RISORGIMENTO
19th century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of italy into one single state
the second war of italian independence
1861, provoked by minister of piedmot, kingdom of italy unified and victor emmanuel 2 became the king
realpolitik
bismarcks policy that principles mattered less than outcomes
