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NSCI 201 > Introduction & Movement > Flashcards

Introduction & Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What postulated psychology as a branch of natural sciences

A

Behaviourism

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2
Q

What are the four biological explanations of behaviour

A

Physiological, ontogenetic, evolutionary, functional

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3
Q

What is a physiological explanation of behaviour

A

Relates behaviour to organs, glans, chemical reactions and physical principles

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4
Q

what is an ontogenetic explanation of behaviour

A

how a behaviour develops within a species (genes, hormones, nutrients)

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5
Q

what is an evolutionary explanation for behaviour

A

behaviour as a consequence of natural selection, and adaptation (similar behaviours across species)

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6
Q

what is a functional explanation for behaviour

A

why did a behaviour evolve in the first place, what advantages does it serve

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7
Q

what are the 3 r’s in neuroscience ethics

A

Reduction, replacement, refinement

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8
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction

A

the synapse between a neuron and muscle

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9
Q

how many axons does each muscle fibre have

A

1

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10
Q

how many muscle fibres can a single axon control

A

multiple

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11
Q

What is the function of Acetylcholine

A

activate striated and skeletal muscles, may excite or inhibit internal organs,
will always excite skeletal muscles

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12
Q

what are antagonistic muscles

A

alternating contractions of opposing sets of muscles

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13
Q

role of a flexor muscle

A

raises or flexes an appendage

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14
Q

role of an extensor muscle

A

extend or straightens an appendage

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15
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

receptors used to detect position/movement of a part of the body

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16
Q

what are muscle spindles

A

Proprioceptors parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch

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17
Q

What happens during a stretch reflex

A

sends messages to the spinal cord to contract it

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18
Q

How does stretch reflex occur

A

when proprioceptors detect the stretch and tension of a muscle

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19
Q

What does the Golgi tendon organ do

A

responds to increase in muscle tension and acts as a brake for vigorous contractions

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20
Q

where is the golgi tendon organ located

A

in the tendons at the opposite ends of the muscle

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21
Q

Walk through the pathways during an extension of the arm

A

muscle spindle near joint stretches and golgi tendon contracts –> action potential through sensory neurons to spinal cord –> inhibits the internruons –> shuts dent he motor neuron –> signals other muscle spindle to contract

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22
Q

what are reflexes

A

involuntary, consistent, autonomic responses to stimuli

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23
Q

Give an example of movement/reflex guided by feedback

A

holding a hot item and pulling away

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24
Q

What is a ballistic movement/reflex

A

a movement once initiated, cannot be stopped

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25
where is the primary cortex located
in the pre central gyrus within the frontal lobe
26
Axons from the pre central gyrus connect to where
the brainstem and spinal cord generates impulse to control muscles
27
What are the 7 motor areas of the human cortex
prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, posterior parietal cortex
28
where does the motor cortex lie compared to the sensory cortex
motor cortex lies in the frontal lobe anterior to the central fissures sensory cortex lies posterior to the central fissure extending into the parietal lobe
29
what happens in the sensory cortex when we are exposed to more sensitive sensory input
the more expression we see in the sensory cortex more sensitivity = more expression
30
what do we see in the motor cortex when more precise movements are needed
we see a wider representation in the cortex more precise movement = wider representation
31
What are the functions of the premotor cortex
receives information about the target and integrates information about the position/posture of body and organizes direction of movement in space activates and fires before the actual movement (pre)motor cortex --> before movement
32
what are the functions of the supplementary motor cortex
it organizes rapid sequences of movements in a specific movement activates seconds before movement
33
what happens following an error in movement
the supplementary motor cortex activates and inhibits the incorrect movement next time
34
what are the functions of the prefrontal cortex
stores sensory information relative to movement and helps consider probable outcomes of a movement active during a delay before movement
35
describe the pathway the brain uses to send messages to control muscles
Brain ->medulla or Brain -> cerebral cortex -> corticospinal tracts -> spinal cord
36
what are the two corticospinal tract
lateral and medial
37
what is the pathway of the lateral corticospinal tract and what does it control
cerebral hemisphere -> midbrain -> upper level of the medulla controls lateral movement such as arms, legs, fingers (contra laterally)
38
what is the pathway of the Medial corticospinal tract and what does it control
cerebral hemisphere-> midbrain -> medulla + cerebellum controls medial aspects of the body neck, shoulders, upper trunk
39
what is paralysis and what are the causes
Inability for voluntary movement in part of the body cause: damage to motor neurons or their axons in the spinal cord
40
what is paraplegia and what are the causes
loss of sensation and voluntary muscle control in the legs only (lack of sensation in genital, stimulation can still lead to orgasm) cause: a cut through the spinal cord in the thoracic region or lower
41
what is quadriplegia (tetraplegia) and what are the causes
loss of sensation and voluntary muscle control in both arms and legs cause: cut through the spinal cord in the cervical region
42
what is hemiplegia and what are the causes
loss of sensation and voluntary muscle control in the arm and leg of either the left or right side cause: cut halfway though the spinal cord or damage to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
43
what is Tabes dorsalis and what are the causes
impaired sensations and muscle control in the legs and pelvic region, including bowel and bladder control causes: damage to dorsal roots of the spinal cord from the last stage of syphilis
44
what is poliomyelitis and what are the causes
Inability for voluntary movement in part of the body (paralysis) cause: a virus that damages the motor neurons in the spinal cord
45
what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and what are the causes
gradual weakness and paralysis, starting with the arms and spreading to the legs cause: unknown, traced to genetic mutations and exposure to toxins in other cases (probably autoimmune)
46
what is cerebellum associated with in terms of movement
balance and coordination (belle) establishment of new motor programs (muscle memories) aspects of attention, shifting attention and attending to visual stimuli
47
what can damage to the cerebellum cause
trouble with rapid movements requiring aim/timing
48
from where does the cerebellum receive input and where does it send it to
receives from spinal cord, each of the sensory systems and the cerebral cortex sends it to the cerebellar cortex (surface of the cerebellum)
49
how to increase collective duration of response in the cerebellum
increase number of excited purkinje cells
50
what excites the purkinje cells
parallel fibers
51
what do the purkinje cells do in the cerebellum
inhibits the cells in the nuclei of the cerebellum and the vestibular nuclei in the brain stem
52
What structures make the basal ganglia
Caudate Nucleus Putamen Globus Pallidus
53
How does the globus pallidus contribute to movement
shuts down the thalamus
54
how does information from the cortex relay throughout the basal ganglia (both direct and indirect pathways)
direct - caudate nucleus and putamen receive info from the cortex and shuts down the globus pallidus -> thalamus relays info to the motor cortex indirect - substantia nigra sends dopaminergic inputs to the striatum which excites the subthalamic nucleus which also inhibits the globus pallidus
55
what part of the brain is critical for learning motor skills, organizing sequences of movement and autonomic behaviours and new habits
Basal Ganglia
56
can learnt movements become autonomic
Yes
57
What is Parkinson's and what are some symptoms and what are the causes of it
Neurodegenerative disease struggles with the initiation of moment and self-guided movement, depression, memory and reasoning deficits, loss of olfaction. could be genetic, exposure to toxins, head trauma caused by gradual death of neurons, especially in the substantial nigra loss of dopamine which leads to less disinhibition of the globus pallidus
58
what are some treatments to Parkinson's
use of L-dopa (precursor to dopamine) ineffective in late stages of disease drugs that stimulate dopamine receptors electrodes to stimulate areas. (SN, thalamus, Pallidus) of the brain (DBS)
59
what is Huntington's and what are some symptoms and causes of it
gradual and extensive brain damage in the basal ganglia as well as in the cerebral cortex repetitions of the autosomal dominant CAG gene on chromosome 4 arm jerks and facial twitches which progresses to tremors and writhing affecting walking, speech and voluntary movement association with many psychological disorders (depression, memory impairment, anxiety, hallucinations, delusion, poor judgment, alcoholism, drug abuse, sexual disorders)
60
what are the physiological affects of Huntington's
neuron and cell death which leads to enlarged ventricles and sulci
61
What is a readiness potential
type of activity in the motor cortex that occurs before any type of voluntary movement (begins 500ms before movement )

NSCI 201 (10 decks)

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