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Muscoskeletal System > Introduction Lesson > Flashcards

Introduction Lesson Flashcards

1
Q

What is the locomotor system and what are its components?

A

=musculoskeletal system that allows a wide range of animal movement

Components:

  1. BONE (osteology)- act as rigid support
  2. joints (arthrology)- allow movement between bones
  3. muscles(myology)-produces movement between bones
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2
Q

What are cursors?

A

They are vertebrates that run on the ground and are structurally modified to enhance speed or endurance
They are either predators or medium to large sized herbivores

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3
Q

What are the cursorial adaptations of the locomotor system?

A
  1. REDUCED PECTORAL SKELETON- allows more cranial/caudal movement
  2. ELONGATION AT THE PROXIMAL END OF THE LIMB- scapula lies laterally
  3. ELONGATION AT THE DISTAL END OF THE LIMB- long metacarpals, walk on toes or hooves
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4
Q

How is a reduced pectoral skeleton a cursorial adaptation of the locomotor system?

A

The clavicle is the only bony connection between the forelimb and the axial skeleton
The clavicle is usually absent or vestigial (would be held in place by the acromioclavicular (AC) joint

When the clavicle is absent or reduced, there’s no bony component attaching the forelimb to the trunk
THIS TYPE OF JOINT IS PURELY MUSCULAR AND IS CALLED A SYNSARCOSIS
THIS PARTICULAR JOINT IS CALLED THE OMOTHORACIC JUNCTION

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5
Q

How is the elongation at the proximal end of the limb a adaptation of the locomotor system?

A

Increasing the leg length= increased stride length

At the proximal end of the forelimb, the scapula (shoulder blade) moves from lying flat against the the back of the broad chest (hanging beneath) to lying flat at the sides of a deep narrow chest (tucked in)

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6
Q

How does elongation of the distal limb lead to cursorial adaptation of the locomotor system?

A

Increased limb length= increased stride length= a more energy efficient way to cover the ground more quickly

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7
Q

Define the term flexion (INTERACTION BETWEEN LIMBS AND TRUNK)

A

Folding limb

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8
Q

Define the term protraction (INTERACTION BETWEEN LIMBS AND TRUNK)

A

Moving the limb forward

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9
Q

Define the term extension (INTERACTION BETWEEN LIMBS AND TRUNK)

A

Stretching limb

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10
Q

Define the term retraction (INTERACTION BETWEEN LIMBS AND TRUNK)

A

Moving the limb backwards OR fixing limb and moving the trunk (torso) forwards relative to the limb

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11
Q

What are locomotion and diet linked in and give examples of this in herbivores

A

Linked in evolution

HORSES:
-relatively rigid vertebral column 
-most of propulsion/stride length results from limbs 
-fixed suspension phase 
LESS FLEXIBLE TRUNKS
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12
Q

Define the the term locomotion

A

A variety of methods that animals use to move from one place to another

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13
Q

Describe the locomotion in cats

A

-flexible vertebral column allows limbs to swing more
-acts like a bow to increase propulsion/ stride length from limbs
-flexed and extended stride lengths
LESS ABDOMINAL VOLUME

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14
Q

What’s a gait

A

Sequence of limb movements

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15
Q

What are the 4 different types of gait?

A

Walk- 4 beat gait (each limb moves forward individually, sequentially and hit the ground separately

Trot(diagonal gait)- 2 beat gate(two limb hit he ground simultaneously. Foot fall sequence is LF+RH and RF+LH)

Canter-3 beat
If left leads (foot fall sequence is RH then LH+RF then LF
If the right leads (foot fall sequence is LH then RH+LF and RF)

Gallop-4 beats
If left leads( foot fall sequence RH then LH then RF then LF)
If right leads (foot fall sequence is LH then RH then LF when RF)

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16
Q

Define the term domestic species

A

Vertebrates =have a axial skeleton, and a appendicular skeleton (forelimb and hindlimb bones)
SEE INTRODUCTION LECTURE IF CONFUSED

17
Q

What are the 4 different bone types and how are they different from each other

A

FLAT(SCAPULA/PELVIS):

  • large surface area for muscle attachment
  • protection of underlying structures

LONG(HUMERUS/FEMUR):
-support and leverage in limbs

SHORT(CARPUS/FEMUR):

  • large range of movement
  • anti-concussive

SESAMOID BONES:
-embedded in tendons
-change the angle over bony surface
(Redirect forces, reduce friction so prevent damage)

18
Q

What are the general features of bones? And identify these on a humerus bone

A

SMOOTH SURFACE AREAS:

  • passage of structures/tendons
  • articular surfaces (hyaline cartilage at weight bearing surfaces, resistant to deformation, no blood vessels and no nerves, NO PERIOSTEUM). WILL HAVE PERICHONDRIUM INSTEAD

SPECIFIC BONY CONTOURS:

  • Tuberosities/tubers/tubercles/processes
  • provide a site for attachment of important structures

ROUGH SURFACE AREAS:
-general muscle attachment

19
Q

What is the periosteum and what does it contain. Why is it important?

A

Covers the outer surface of bone (except articular surfaces)
Contains blood vessels and nerves
IMPORTANT FOR FRACTURE HEALING, ENTERS MEDULLARY CAVITY VIA NUTRIENT FORAMEN

20
Q

What can you see on a x-ray/radiograph of a long bone?

A
  • diaphysis
  • medullary cavity=hollow centre
  • epiphysis= end, incorporates articular surfaces
  • metaphysis=transition zone
21
Q

What are limb bones formed from?

A

They are formed from centres of ossification

22
Q

How many centres of ossification do short, sesmoid, flat and long bones have?

A

Short and sesmoid= usually one centre per bone
Flat and long=usually more than one per bone

ATTACHMENT SITES FOR IMPORTANT STRUCTURES MAY HAVE A SEPARATE CENTRE

23
Q

How do growth plates/physis appear on radiographs?

A

Cartilage between centres appears black on radiographs

24
Q

How do radiographs allow you to determine the age of a animal?

A

YOUNG ANIMAL: open phases/ growth plates, produces increase in bone length
MATURE ANIMAL:closed growth plates appear as PHYSEAL SCARS

25
Q

Where is the weakest point of adult and young bones?

A

Adult=shaft (can lead to fractures)

Young=growth plate (can lead to damage/separation)

26
Q

Define the term cranial and caudal? When does something become distal, plantar and palmar and identify these on a picture (ON THE POWERPOINT)

A

Cranial=towards the head (becomes dorsal below the carpus/tarsus)
Caudal=towards the tail (becomes palmar below carpus (FL) and becomes plantar below tarsus (HL))

27
Q

Define the terms proximal, distal, medial and lateral in relation to limbs

A

Proximal=top of limb
Distal= bottom of limb
Medial=towards the medial plane
Lateral= away from the medial plane

28
Q

Where does the origin and insertion of skeletal muscle usually occur?

A

Origin- usually proximal

Insertion-usually distal

29
Q

Describe the details of skeletal muscle attachments

A

-directly to bone

30
Q

Describe the structure of tendon attachments of bones

A
  • condensation of deep fascia into cords
  • less bulky across joints
  • small area of attachment
  • may have separate centre of ossification
31
Q

Describe the structure of aponeurosis attachments

A

LIMITED ACCESS OF BONE

  • fibrous tissue arranged as a thin sheet of tissue
  • condensation of deep fascia into sheets
  • Long area of attachment
32
Q

What is the aponeurosis across the vertebrae called and what is the last type of attachment which hasn’t been mentioned yet?

A

CERVICO-THORACO-LUMBAR FASCIA

HAVEN’T MENTIONED THE SUPERFICIAL FASCIA (INCLUDES SUBCUTANEOUS, LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND FAT)
Allows attachment of skin with underlying tissues

33
Q

Define the term flexion and extension in muscle action

A

Decreased angle=flexion

Increased angle= extension

34
Q

What does muscle action depend on?

A
  • which joint is crossed

- aspect of joint crossed

35
Q

What are antagonistic pairs of muscles?

A

A pair of muscles with opposite actions

36
Q

What are intrinsic muscles

A
  • origin and insertion within appendicular skeleton
  • movement of limb joints
  • flexion and extension
37
Q

What are extrinsic muscles?

A
  • origin at axial skeleton
  • insertion in appendicular skeleton
  • movement of limb relative to trunk
  • protraction and refraction of limb (protraction=forward movement of limb, refraction=backwards movement of the limb)
38
Q

Describe the attachment between the trunk and forelimb in animals

A

In domestic species, no joint is present between forelimb and trunk
There is only muscular attachments
The scapula glides over the thorax (pivotal point is midway down the scapula)

Muscoskeletal System (8 decks)

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