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Animal Breeding - 3rd year > Introduction - lecture 1 > Flashcards

Introduction - lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of an animal breeder

A
  • to develop breeding programmes and
    -identify the best animals for those breeding programmes using statististical and genetic techniques.
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2
Q

What is reproduction

A

reproductive physiologists develop technologies such as AI and ET to disseminate the best genetics identified by the animal breeder to the wider population.

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3
Q

What is animal breeding

A
  • applications of scientific knowledge to the genetic improvement of animals
  • objective is to enhance the efficiency of production, welfare of the animal and the quality of the product through planned genetic change.
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4
Q

How is animal breeding achieved?

A
  1. selecting the most desirable animals on the basis of their predicted genetic merit
  2. producing superior genotypes through breeding plans and mating systems
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5
Q

what are the steps in the breeding programme?
(1-7)

A
  1. definition of production system
  2. definition of breeding goal

3.collection of information ( phenotypes, family relationships, genotypes)

4.determining selection criteria ( genetic model, breeding value estimation)
5. selection and mating (predicting selection response, consequences of mating decisions)

  1. Dissemination (Structure of breeding program, crossbreeding)
  2. Evaluation (genetic improvement, genetic diversity)
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6
Q

who was the founder of modern animal breeding

A

Robert Bakewell (1725-1795)
-laid out foundations of longhorn cattle, leicester sheep and shire horses

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7
Q

what was robert bakewell also known as?

A

“Father of Animal Husbandry”

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8
Q

what is linebreeding - Robert Bakewell

A

new leicester sheep breed in about 1770.
- used growth rates and feed intake measurements when selecting animals

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9
Q

how was the first systematic progeny test carried out and by who?

A

robert bakewell
- leased out rams for a season.
-inspected lambs and then used rams with the best progeny in his own flock

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10
Q

who developed the Bell Shape Curve

A

Carls Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)

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11
Q

what is associated with charles darwin (1809-1882)

A
  • HMS Beagle trip 1831-1836
  • theory of natural selection published in 1838
  • “Origin of the species “ 1859
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12
Q

when was the theory of natural selection published

A

1838 - charles darwin

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13
Q

who was the austrian monk over who created the principles of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel (1822 - 1844)
- pea plant experiment

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14
Q

who wrote the essay of domestication

A

Francis Galton (1822-1911)
-darwins cousin

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15
Q

Who founded Journal of Genetics 1910

A

Willian Bateson (1861-1926)

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16
Q

What did William Bateson (1861-1926) do?

A
  • co discovered genetic linkage
  • founded Journal of Genetics
  • Demonstrated with chickens that mendelian laws applied to avian and animals
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17
Q

What is the Hardy Weinbury Equilibrium

A

p^2 +2pq + q^2 = 1

p = frequency of dominant allele
q = frequency of recessive allele

used to calculate allele and gene frequency

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18
Q

who developed the Hardy Weinburg Equilibrum equation

A
  • GH Hardy
  • Wilhelm Weinbery
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19
Q

who developed the structure of DNA in 1953

A

James Watson & Francis Crick in 1953

20
Q

what did charles henderson do?

A

BLUP in the 1950s

21
Q

what did darwins theory of natural selection state?

A

that species can change over time

22
Q

what does “Survival of the fittest” mean?

A

success depends on how well a species fits its environment

23
Q

what did artificial selection begin with

A

domestication

24
Q

First species domesticated
Dogs:
Sheep/Goats:
Pigs:
Cattle:
Horses:

A

Dogs: 12,000 years ago
Sheep/Goats: 10,000 years ago
Pigs:9,000 years ago
Cattle: 8,000 years ago
Horses: 5,000 years ago

25
Q

what are the 2 fundamental questions

A
  1. what is the best animal?
  2. How do we breed animals so that their descendants will be better than today’s animals?
26
Q

what is a trait

A

any observable or measurable characteristic of an individual

27
Q

what are observable traits

A

coat, colour, size, muscling

28
Q

what are measurable traits

A
  • describing the performance of an animal
  • weaning weight, lactation yield
29
Q

what is Phenotype P

A

an observed category or measured level of performance for a trait in an individual
- animal may be red and weigh 300kg
- traits are coat colour and weaning weight
- phenotype is not just appearance

30
Q

what is Genotype G

A

the particular combination of genes or alleles which an animal inherits - its genetic make up
- provides genetic background for its phenotype

31
Q

factors of Environment

A
  • management
  • feeding system
  • number of animals in the herd
  • disease status
  • climate
32
Q

what can have an immediate and rapid effect on production

A

improving nutrition, disease prevention and housing

33
Q

what is slower but is is permanent and cumulative effect on production

A

Genetic improvement
- influences performance for lifetime
- some of the improvement is passed on to offspring

34
Q

Definition of:
Genetic merit of an animal

A

breeding value

35
Q

Definition of:
Breeding value (BV)

A

the value of an individual as a genetic parent - average value of an animal’s progeny

36
Q

Definition of:
Breeding Objective

A

a general goal of a breeding program - a notion of what constitutes the “best” animal

37
Q

what does population refer to ?

A

species
breed
a herd
a small group of animals

38
Q

what is the purpose of Animal Breeding

A

improve the animal population NOT the individual

39
Q

what is Selection

A
  • Method to make long term genetic change
  • process which helps determine which animals will be the parents of the next generation
40
Q

what is natural selection

A

evolutionary force that fuels genetic in all living things
- can affect both wild and domestic animals
- animals with pre pubertal lethal genetic defects don’t live long enough to become parents

41
Q

what is artificial selection

A
  • under human control
  • farmer determines which individual will becomes parents
  • usually younger animals
  • technologies: AI and MOET
42
Q

what is the simplest form of selection

A

phenotypic selection

43
Q

what is phenotypic selection

A
  • info about individual animal
  • no attention paid to the pedigree
44
Q

what is genetic selection

A

pedigree data + progeny data + collateral relative data –> help predict the breeding value of the animal

45
Q

what is heritability (h2)

A

a measure of strength of the relationship between breeding values and phenotypic values for a trait in a population

46
Q

what is accuracy (ACC)

A

a measure of strength between the true breeding value and the predicted breeding value

47
Q

list 4 mating systems

A
  1. complementarity - mating animals with different breeds
  2. crossbreeding - heterosis/ hybrid vigour
  3. inbreeding - inbreeding depression
  4. Corrective mating - correct in their progeny faults of one or both parents (selection and mating combined)

Animal Breeding - 3rd year (5 decks)

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