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Physics 1 > Introduction & History > Flashcards

Introduction & History Flashcards

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1
Q

Mega, M

A

million, 10^6

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2
Q

What is the frequency range for Audible Sound?

A

20-20,000 Hz

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3
Q

Give three examples of how ultrasound is used outside the medical profession

A

non-destructive testing, sonar, weather doppler, sonic-care toothbrush, garage door openers, remote controls, military applications

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4
Q

What is the frequency range for Therapeutic Ultrasound?

A

20,000 Hz-1 MHz

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5
Q

million, 10^6

A

Mega (M)

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6
Q

What is the Piezoelectric effect?

A

a mechanical wave enters certain crystals which then produce an electrical pulse

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8
Q

What did the Currie brothers do, and in which year?

A

discovered the Piezoelectric effect 1880

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9
Q

thousandth, 10^-3

A

milli (m)

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10
Q

What is the Reverse Piezoelectric effect?

A

an electrical signal enters certain crystals which produce a mechanical sound wave

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11
Q

What did Ian Donald do, and in which years?

A
  1. First use of ultrasound to identify an obstetrical sac, 1954
  2. Developed first compound scanner, 1957
  3. Developed BPD (biparietal diameter) measurement, 1957
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13
Q

What did Ludwig do, and in which year?

A

first use of ultrasound to diagnose gallstones,1947

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15
Q

What is the frequency range for Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound?

A

1-30 MHz

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15
Q

Who discovered the Piezoelectric effect, and in which year?

A

the Currie brothers, 1880

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16
Q

Who demonstrated the first use of ultrasound to identify gallstones, and in which year?

A

Ludwig, 1947

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17
Q

Giga (G)

A

billion, 10^9

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18
Q

billion, 10^9

A

Giga (G)

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19
Q

Who developed the first compound scanner, and in which year?

A

Ian Donald, 1957

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20
Q

Common time and distance units which accompany MegaHertz

A

microseconds, millimeters

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21
Q

kilo (k)

A

thousand, 10^3

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22
Q

What is the frequency range for Ultrasound?

A

above 20,000 Hz

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23
Q

thousand, 10^3

A

kilo (k)

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24
Q

A mechanical wave enters certain crystals which then produce an electrical signal

A

Piezoelectric effect

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25
Q

What is the frequency range for Infrasound?

A

below 20 Hz

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25
Q

Who demonstrated the first use of ultrasound to identify a gestational sac, and in which year?

A

Ian Donald, 1954

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26
Q

hundredth, 10^-2

A

centi (c)

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27
Q

Below 20 Hz is the frequency range for what category of sound?

A

Infrasound

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28
Q

Displayed as an x,y graph (time vs strength)

Each spike in amplitude represents distance to an interface, height represents strength

A

A-mode ultrasound

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29
Q

micro (µ)

A

millionth, 10^-6

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30
Q

Who is the “Father of Obstetrical ultrasound?”

A

Ian Donald

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32
Q

What was the first major application of Ultrasound and when?

A

sonar (oceanography & detection of enemy submarines), developed by the military, 1900’s

33
Q

1-30 MHz is the frequency range for what category of sound?

A

Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound

34
Q

millionth, 10^-6

A

micro (µ)

35
Q

20,000 Hz to 1 MHz is the frequency range for what category of sound?

A

Therapeutic Ultrasound

36
Q

A electrical signal enters certain crystals which produce a mechanical sound wave

A

Reverse Piezoelectric effect

37
Q

milli (m)

A

thousandth, 10^-3

38
Q

What significant event occurred in 1880?

A

Currie brothers discovered the Piezoelectric effect

39
Q

Who accomplished the first use of ultrasound to diagnose gallstones in 1947?

A

Ludwig

40
Q

Common time and frequency units which accompany meters

A

seconds, Hertz

41
Q

Who first developed the BPD (biparietal diameter) measurement, and in which year?

A

Ian Donald, 1957

42
Q

Common time and frequency units which accompany millimeters

A

microseconds, MegaHertz

43
Q

centi (c)

A

hundredth, 10^-2

44
Q

log (x) = 0.3

A

2

45
Q

Who first discovered that there must be sound that is outside the range of human hearing, and in which year?

A

1793 by an Italian priest/scientist

46
Q

What was being studied when the concept of Ultrasound was first discovered?

A

Blind bats could still function, but deaf bats could not

47
Q

Who was the first person to use ultrasound for medical application, and in which year?

A

Karl Dussik, 1942

48
Q

What did Karl Dussik do, and in which year?

A

first use of ultrasound for medical application, a-mode to detect a brain tumour, 1942

49
Q

Common time and distance units which accompany Hertz

A

seconds, meters

50
Q

What is Ian Donald affectionately known as?

A

“The Father of Obstetrical Ultrasound”

51
Q

What did Hertz & Edler do, and in which year?

A

First use of ultrasound (m-mode) to demonstrate heart motion, 1954

52
Q

When did metal flaw detectors (non-destructive testing) first come into use?

A

1940’s

53
Q

log 2 = x

A

0.3

54
Q

Describe A-mode ultrasound

A

Displayed as an x,y graph (time vs strength)

Each spike in amplitude represents distance to an interface, height represents strength

55
Q

Common distance and frequency units which accompany microseconds

A

millimeters, MegaHertz

56
Q

Describe B-mode

A

2-D image displayed by many dots of varying intensities.
Dot placement indicates location, and brightness indicates intensity.
Includes static, real-time, bi-stable and grayscale imaging

57
Q

2-D image displayed by many dots of varying intensities.
Dot placement indicates location, and brightness indicates intensity.
Includes static, real-time, bi-stable and grayscale imaging

A

B-mode

58
Q

When was real time scanning introduced?

A

1973

59
Q

What non-medical purpose for ultrasound was developed in the 1940’s?

A

Metal flaw detection (non-destructive testing)

60
Q

Who first identified a gestational sac, and in which year?

A

Ian Donald, 1954

61
Q

Below 20-20,000 Hz is the frequency range for what category of sound?

A

Audible sound

62
Q

Above 20,000 Hz is the frequency range for what category of sound?

A

Ultrasound

62
Q

Common distance and frequency units which accompany seconds

A

meters, Hertz

62
Q

Who first demonstrated heart motion using ultrasound, and in which year?

A

Hertz & Edler, 1954

63
Q

Bi-stable

A

B-mode image displayed in black and white only, indicating on or off position

64
Q

Grayscale

A

B-mode image displayed using varying intensities of gray dots, ranging from white to black, indicating the strength of the reflection received

65
Q

B-mode image displayed using varying intensities of gray dots, ranging from white to black, indicating the strength of the reflection received

A

grayscale

66
Q

Real-time scanning

A

B-mode images captured at a rate fast enough to mimic physiological imaging.

67
Q

Compare water bath vs contact scanning

A

used to be in a full tub to scan through the water

now use gel and touch the patient directly with the transducer

68
Q

Compare bi-stable and grayscale imaging

A

Bi-stable imaging: cathode ray display, black and white only

Grayscale imaging: scan converter display, various shades of gray make it possible to differentiate soft tissues

69
Q

Compare static & real-time scanning

A

water bath scanning or compound-b: probe on articulated arm. the 3 pivot points gave x,y,z axes. One cross-sectional image per scan, patient could not move.

live images appreciate motion

70
Q

Briefly describe Doppler

A

“perceived change in frequency” used for blood flow

71
Q

Describe M-mode

A

graph showing many consecutive slices of data which demonstrate motion over time
(time vs depth, x-y axes)

72
Q

log 10 =(x)

A

1

73
Q

log (x) = 1

A

10

74
Q

Who first developed the first compound scanner, and in which year?

A

Ian Donald, 1957

Physics 1 (4 decks)

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