Introduction & History Flashcards by Chelsea Norden

Mega, M

million, 10^6

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What is the frequency range for Audible Sound?

20-20,000 Hz

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Give three examples of how ultrasound is used outside the medical profession

non-destructive testing, sonar, weather doppler, sonic-care toothbrush, garage door openers, remote controls, military applications

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What is the frequency range for Therapeutic Ultrasound?

20,000 Hz-1 MHz

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million, 10^6

Mega (M)

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What is the Piezoelectric effect?

a mechanical wave enters certain crystals which then produce an electrical pulse

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What did the Currie brothers do, and in which year?

discovered the Piezoelectric effect 1880

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thousandth, 10^-3

milli (m)

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What is the Reverse Piezoelectric effect?

an electrical signal enters certain crystals which produce a mechanical sound wave

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What did Ian Donald do, and in which years?

First use of ultrasound to identify an obstetrical sac, 1954
Developed first compound scanner, 1957
Developed BPD (biparietal diameter) measurement, 1957

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What did Ludwig do, and in which year?

first use of ultrasound to diagnose gallstones,1947

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What is the frequency range for Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound?

1-30 MHz

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Who discovered the Piezoelectric effect, and in which year?

the Currie brothers, 1880

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Who demonstrated the first use of ultrasound to identify gallstones, and in which year?

Ludwig, 1947

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Giga (G)

billion, 10^9

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billion, 10^9

Giga (G)

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Who developed the first compound scanner, and in which year?

Ian Donald, 1957

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Common time and distance units which accompany MegaHertz

microseconds, millimeters

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kilo (k)

thousand, 10^3

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What is the frequency range for Ultrasound?

above 20,000 Hz

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thousand, 10^3

kilo (k)

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A mechanical wave enters certain crystals which then produce an electrical signal

Piezoelectric effect

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What is the frequency range for Infrasound?

below 20 Hz

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Who demonstrated the first use of ultrasound to identify a gestational sac, and in which year?

Ian Donald, 1954

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hundredth, 10^-2

centi (c)

Below 20 Hz is the frequency range for what category of sound?

Infrasound

Displayed as an x,y graph (time vs strength) | Each spike in amplitude represents distance to an interface, height represents strength

A-mode ultrasound

micro (µ)

millionth, 10^-6

Who is the "Father of Obstetrical ultrasound?"

Ian Donald

What was the first major application of Ultrasound and when?

sonar (oceanography & detection of enemy submarines), developed by the military, 1900's

1-30 MHz is the frequency range for what category of sound?

Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound

millionth, 10^-6

micro (µ)

20,000 Hz to 1 MHz is the frequency range for what category of sound?

Therapeutic Ultrasound

A electrical signal enters certain crystals which produce a mechanical sound wave

Reverse Piezoelectric effect

milli (m)

thousandth, 10^-3

What significant event occurred in 1880?

Currie brothers discovered the Piezoelectric effect

Who accomplished the first use of ultrasound to diagnose gallstones in 1947?

Ludwig

Common time and frequency units which accompany meters

seconds, Hertz

Who first developed the BPD (biparietal diameter) measurement, and in which year?

Ian Donald, 1957

Common time and frequency units which accompany millimeters

microseconds, MegaHertz

centi (c)

hundredth, 10^-2

log (x) = 0.3

Who first discovered that there must be sound that is outside the range of human hearing, and in which year?

1793 by an Italian priest/scientist

What was being studied when the concept of Ultrasound was first discovered?

Blind bats could still function, but deaf bats could not

Who was the first person to use ultrasound for medical application, and in which year?

Karl Dussik, 1942

What did Karl Dussik do, and in which year?

first use of ultrasound for medical application, a-mode to detect a brain tumour, 1942

Common time and distance units which accompany Hertz

seconds, meters

What is Ian Donald affectionately known as?

"The Father of Obstetrical Ultrasound"

What did Hertz & Edler do, and in which year?

First use of ultrasound (m-mode) to demonstrate heart motion, 1954

When did metal flaw detectors (non-destructive testing) first come into use?

1940's

log 2 = x

0.3

Describe A-mode ultrasound

Displayed as an x,y graph (time vs strength) | Each spike in amplitude represents distance to an interface, height represents strength

Common distance and frequency units which accompany microseconds

millimeters, MegaHertz

Describe B-mode

2-D image displayed by many dots of varying intensities. Dot placement indicates location, and brightness indicates intensity. Includes static, real-time, bi-stable and grayscale imaging

B-mode

When was real time scanning introduced?

1973

What non-medical purpose for ultrasound was developed in the 1940's?

Metal flaw detection (non-destructive testing)

Who first identified a gestational sac, and in which year?

Ian Donald, 1954

Below 20-20,000 Hz is the frequency range for what category of sound?

Audible sound

Above 20,000 Hz is the frequency range for what category of sound?

Ultrasound

Common distance and frequency units which accompany seconds

meters, Hertz

Who first demonstrated heart motion using ultrasound, and in which year?

Hertz & Edler, 1954

Bi-stable

B-mode image displayed in black and white only, indicating on or off position

Grayscale

B-mode image displayed using varying intensities of gray dots, ranging from white to black, indicating the strength of the reflection received

grayscale

Real-time scanning

B-mode images captured at a rate fast enough to mimic physiological imaging.

Compare water bath vs contact scanning

used to be in a full tub to scan through the water | now use gel and touch the patient directly with the transducer

Compare bi-stable and grayscale imaging

Bi-stable imaging: cathode ray display, black and white only | Grayscale imaging: scan converter display, various shades of gray make it possible to differentiate soft tissues

Compare static & real-time scanning

water bath scanning or compound-b: probe on articulated arm. the 3 pivot points gave x,y,z axes. One cross-sectional image per scan, patient could not move. live images appreciate motion

Briefly describe Doppler

"perceived change in frequency" used for blood flow

Describe M-mode

graph showing many consecutive slices of data which demonstrate motion over time (time vs depth, x-y axes)

log 10 =(x)

log (x) = 1

Who first developed the first compound scanner, and in which year?

Ian Donald, 1957