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Physics 1 > Huygen's Principle & Attenuation > Flashcards

Huygen's Principle & Attenuation Flashcards

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1
Q

Huygen’s Principle

A

each point source creates its own wavelet, and from them a collective wavefront forms

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2
Q

divergence

A

the spreading out of a wave as it travels further from the source

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3
Q

diffraction

A

divergence of a wave after passing through a small aperture

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4
Q

interference

A

the combining of waves as they travel

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5
Q

constructive interference

A

sum of the amplitudes in waves that are in phase with one another resulting in a single with larger amplitude

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6
Q

destructive interference

A

sum of the amplitudes in waves that are out of phase with one another resulting in a wave with smaller or fully neutralized amplitude

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7
Q

beat frequency

A

sum of the amplitudes in two waves of similar frequency resulting in a new wave with areas of alternating increased and decreased amplitudes

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8
Q

sensitivity

A

ability to detect weak echoes

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9
Q

What type of resolution is affected by divergence?

A

lateral resolution

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10
Q

nodes

A

points of low pressure/minimum fluctuation on a standing wave

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11
Q

antinodes

A

points of high pressure/maximum fluctuation on a standing wave

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12
Q

standing wave

A

sum of two waves propagating in opposite directions, resulting in a wave oscillating around a fixed axis which has a series of alternating nodes and anti-nodes

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13
Q

standing wave envelope

A

the abstract boundary of the maximum fluctuations of a standing wave as it oscillates around a fixed axis

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14
Q

each point source creates its own beam, and collectively a wavefront is created

A

Huygen’s Principle

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15
Q

the spreading out of a wave as it travels further from the source

A

divergence

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16
Q

divergence of a wave after passing through a small aperture

A

diffraction

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17
Q

the combining of waves as they travel

A

interference

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18
Q

sum of the amplitudes in waves that are in phase with one another resulting in a single with larger amplitude

A

constructive interference

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19
Q

sum of the amplitudes in waves that are out of phase with one another resulting in a wave with smaller or fully neutralized amplitude

A

destructive interference

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20
Q

sum of the amplitudes in two waves of similar frequency resulting in a new wave with areas of alternating increased and decreased amplitudes

A

beat frequency

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21
Q

ability to detect weak echoes

A

sensitivity

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22
Q

points of low pressure/minimum fluctuation on a standing wave

A

nodes

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23
Q

points of high pressure/maximum fluctuation on a standing wave

A

antinodes

24
Q

sum of two waves propagating in opposite directions, resulting in a wave oscillating around a fixed axis which has a series of alternating nodes and anti-nodes

A

standing wave

25
Q

the abstract boundary of the maximum fluctuations of a standing wave as it oscillates around a fixed axis

A

standing wave envelope

26
Q

Huygen sources, aka

A

point sources

27
Q

point sources, aka

A

Huygen sources

28
Q

Huygen wavelet

A

single wave emitted from a Huygen source

29
Q

single wave emitted from a Huygen source

A

Huygen wavelet

30
Q

relationship between size of sound source & rate of divergence

A

inverse relationship

31
Q

How many decibels are in a Bel?

A

10 decibels per Bel

32
Q

How many Bels are in a decibel?

A

1/10 Bels per decibel

33
Q

units of attenuation or gains

A

decibels

34
Q

units of intensity

A

mW/cm2

35
Q

attenuation

A

weakening of a sound beam as it travels

36
Q

weakening of a sound beam as it travels

A

attenuation

37
Q

dominant factor contributing to attenuation in soft tissues

A

absorption

38
Q

absorption

A

conversion of sound energy to heat

39
Q

conversion of sound energy to heat

A

absorption

40
Q

attenuation coefficient

A

amount of attenuation that occurs with each centimeter the sound travels

41
Q

amount of attenuation that occurs with each centimeter the sound travels

A

attenuation coefficient

42
Q

five causes of attenuation

A

absorption, reflection, refraction, scatter, wave-front divergence

43
Q

absorption, reflection, refraction, scatter, wave-front divergence

A

causes of attenuation

44
Q

three causes for variance of attenuation

A

nature of tissue, frequency, depth

45
Q

nature of tissue, frequency, depth

A

causes for variance of attenuation

46
Q

State the attenuation coefficient in soft tissue

A

0.5 dB are attenuated in one centimeter for every 1 MHz

47
Q

Is total attenuation expressed as a positive or negative?

A

positive

48
Q

Is attenuation expressed as a positive or negative?

A

negative

49
Q

Are gains expressed as a positive or negative?

A

positive

50
Q

What are the relationships btwn attenuation, frequency and depth?

A

as attenuation is directly proportional to frequency and inversely proportional to depth

51
Q

half-value layer

A

the thickness of a medium that causes the sound wave to lose half the intensity of its original value

52
Q

the thickness of a medium that causes the sound wave to lose half the intensity of its original value

A

half-value layer

53
Q

three factors that influence absorption

A

frequency, viscosity, relaxation time

54
Q

frequency, viscosity, relaxation time

A

three factors that influence absorption

55
Q

explain how viscosity influences absorption

A

more friction btwn the molecules

56
Q

explain how frequency influences absorption

A

more friction btwn molecules, more often

57
Q

explain how relaxation time influences absorption

A

it takes more energy to move the molecules in the opposite direction when they are still moving have not yet come to rest

Physics 1 (4 decks)

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