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Urinary system > Introduction, gross anatomy and histology > Flashcards

Introduction, gross anatomy and histology Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the urinary system?

A

o Kidneys
o Ureters
o Urinary bladder
o Urethra

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2
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Removes metabolic waste from blood by filtration and excretion
  • Regulates blood pressure (by renin-angiotensin mechanism)
  • Regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride etc.)
  • Help to stabilize the pH
  • Conserves valuable nutrients
  • Reabsorption of small molecules (amino acids, glucose and peptides)
  • Kidney produces erythropoietin (a stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow)
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3
Q

Where are the kidneys found?

A
  • The kidneys lie in a retroperitoneal position at the level of T12-L3.
  • Right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney due to the liver
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4
Q

At what vertebral levels are the kidneys found?

A

T12-L3

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5
Q

How many pyramids are in each kidney?

A

10-18

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6
Q

Define a renal lobe

A

Renal lobe - portion of a kidney consisting of a renal pyramid and the renal cortex above it

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7
Q

List the contents of the hilum of the kidney and their locations

A

Vein artery pelvis - from anterior to posterior

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8
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the kidneys

A

Renal artery (1/each side): branch of abdominal aorta.
o Segmental branches (x5)
o Interlobar
o Arcuate branches pass around the circumference
o Interlobular branches and ultimately supply each nephron
o Essentially non-anastomosing

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9
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the kidneys

A

Renal veins (1/each side): drains into the inferior vena cava

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10
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys

A

Lateral aortic lymph nodes

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11
Q

Describe the nerve supply of the kidneys

A

Renal plexus:

  • sympathetic: T10-L1
  • Sensory afferent: T11-L2
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12
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the ureters

A

renal artery
ovarian/testicular artery
abdominal aorta

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13
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the ureters

A

renal veins

ovarian/testicular veins

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14
Q

What is the median umbilical ligament a remnant of?

A

embryonic urachus

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15
Q

Where are the two medial umbilical folds found?

A

Two medial umbilical folds – on the occluded umbilical artery of bladder

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16
Q

Where are the two lateral umbilical folds found?

A

Two lateral umbilical folds – on the inferior epigastric vessels

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17
Q

What is the peritoneal fold found between the uterus and rectum called?

A

Pouch of Douglas

18
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the pouch of douglas?

A

Pouch of Douglas is a peritoneal fold between the uterus and the rectum, and is a common site for the spread of pathology such as ascites, tumour, endometriosis, pus, etc.

19
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the bladder

A

Branches of the internal iliac arteries

20
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the bladder

A

Tributaries of the internal iliac veins

21
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the bladder

A

– External iliac: suprapubic part

– Internal iliac: Infrapubic part

22
Q

Which sphincters of the urethra are voluntary or involuntary?

A

Internal sphincter - involuntary

External sphincter - voluntary

23
Q

What makes up a nephron?

A

Nephron = renal corpuscles + renal tubules

24
Q

What makes up a renal corpuscle?

A

Renal corpuscles = glomerulus + bowman’s capsule

25
Q

What makes up a uriniferous tubule?

A

Uriniferous tubule = nephron + collecting duct

26
Q

What structure within the urinary system has a star shaped lumen?

A

Ureter

27
Q

Describe the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Cuboidal epithelium with microvilli

28
Q

Describe the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule

A

Cuboidal epithelium

29
Q

Describe the epithelium of the collecting tubule

A

Cuboidal epithelium

30
Q

What part of the kidney has renal corpuscles

A

Cortex

31
Q

Describe the epithelium of the Loop of Henle

A

Squamous epithelium

32
Q

Describe the muscle layers surrounding the ureters

A

Inner longitudinal smooth muscle

Outer circular smooth muscle

33
Q

Describe the epithelium of the bladder

A

Transitional epithelium

34
Q

Describe the muscle layers surrounding the bladder

A

Inner longitudinal smooth muscle
Middle circular smooth muscle
Outer longitudinal smooth muscle

35
Q

Describe the clinical relevance of the urinary system

A
  • Urinary tract infection (UTI) – very common in females due to short length of ureter/proximity to the anus
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Kidney stone/renal calculi
  • Kidney failure and dialysis
  • Urinary incontinence: common after childbirth, in old age or in females
36
Q

What is an important marker of chronic kidney disease?

A
  • High protein (albumin) levels in the urine

* Kidney function is most commonly assessed by estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by use of serum creatinine.

37
Q

How is kidney function estimated?

A

Kidney function is most commonly assessed by estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by use of serum creatinine.

38
Q

List some common embryological abnormalities

A
  • Aberrant renal arteries
  • Pelvic kidney
  • Unilateral double kidney
  • Double ureter
  • Horseshoe kidney
39
Q

Which nerve constricts detrusor muscle during micturition (urination)?

A) Sympathetic nerve
B) Parasympathetic nerve
C) Sensory nerve
D) Somatic/pudendal nerve

A

B) Parasympathetic nerve

40
Q

Which nerve constricts internal urethral sphincter during ejaculation?

A) Sympathetic nerve
B) Parasympathetic nerve
C) Visceral sensory nerve
D) Somatic/pudendal nerve

A

A) Sympathetic nerve

41
Q

Which is the narrowest part of the urethra in male?

A) Pre-prostatic
B) Prostatic
C) Membranous
D) Spongy

A

C) Membranous

42
Q

The Transpyloric plane passes through which vertebral level?

A) T11
B) T12
C) L1
D) L2

A

C) L1

Urinary system (22 decks)

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