Introduction: Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span?
Lifespan development
What is the development involving the body’s physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system muscles, sense, and needs for food, drink, and sleep?
Physical development
What is the development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior?
Cognitive Development
What is the development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life’s pan?
Personality development
What is the way in which individuals’ interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life?
Social development
What is a group of people born at around the same time in the same place?
Cohort
What is a gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels?
Continuous change
What is the development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages?
Discontinuous change
What is a specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environment stimuli are necessary for development to proceed normally?
Critical period
What is a point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences?
sensitive period
What is the predetermined unfolding of genetic information?
maturation
What are explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles?
Theories
What is the approach that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control?
Psychodynamic perspective
What is the theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior?
Psychoanalytic theory
What is a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part?
Psychosexual development
What is the approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society?
Psychosocial development
What is the approach that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment?
behavioral perspective
What is type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response?
Classical conditioning
What is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences?
Operant conditioning
What is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones?
Behavior modification
What is learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model?
Social-cognitive learning theory
What is the approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world?
Cognitive perspective
What is the model that seeks to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information?
Information Processing appraoches
What is the approach that examines cognitive development through the lens of brain processes?
Cognitive neuroscience approaches
What is the theory that contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior?
Humanistic perspective
What is the theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds?
Contextual perspective
What is the perspective suggesting that levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals?
Bioecological approach
What is the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture?
Sociocultural theory
What is the theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from out ancestors?
Evolutionary perspective
What is the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data?
Scientific Method
What is prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested?
Hypothesis
What is research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists?
Correlational research
What is research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors?
Experimental research
What is a type of corrrelational study in which some naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation?
Naturalistic observation
What are studies that involve extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals?
Case studies
What is a type of study where a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior, or thinking on a given topic?
Survey research
What is the research that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior?
Pschophysiological methods
What is a process in which an investigator, called an experimenter, devises two different experiences for participants?
Experiment
What is the variable that researchers manipulate in an experiment?
Independent variable
What is the variable that researchers measure to see if it changes as a result of the experimental manipulation?
Dependent variable
What is the group of participants chosen for the experiment?
Sample
What is a research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting?
Field study
What is research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge?
Theoretical research
What is research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems?
Applied research
What is research in which the behavior of one or more participants in a study is measured as they age?
Longitudinal research
What is research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time?
Cross-sectional research
What is research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time?
Sequential studies
