Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is the new cell formed by the process of fertilization?
Zygote
What is the basic unit of genetic information?
genes
What is the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function?
DNA
What is the rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs?
Chromosomes
What are twins who are genetically identical?
monozygotic twins
What are twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time?
dizygotic twins
What is the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present?
dominant trait
What is the underlying combination of genetic material present in an organism?
genotype
What is a trait within an organism that is present, but is not expressed?
recessive trait
What is inheriting from parents similar genes for a given trait?
homozygous
What is an observable trait; the trait that actually is seen?
phenotype
What is inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait?
heterozygous
What is inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait?
Polygenic inheritance
What are genes that are considered recessive and located only on the X-chromosome?
x-linked genes
What is the study of the effects of heredity on behavior?
behavioral genetics
What is a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair; once referred to as mongolism?
Down syndrome
What is a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the x chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation?
fragile x syndrome
What is a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells in those who have it?
sickle-cell anemia
What is a disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment?
tay-sachs disease
What is a disorder resulting from the presence of an extra x chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts?
klinefelter’s syndrome
What is the disciple that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders?
genetic counseling
What is a process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mothers womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, who’s size and shape can than be assessed?
ultrasound songraphy
What is attest used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hair like material that surrounds the embryo?
chorionic villus sampling
What is the process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus?
amniocentesis
What are the patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual?
Temperant
What is the determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed?
multifactorial transmission
What is the process by which a sperm an ovum the male and female gametes, respectively–join to forma single new cell?
Fertilization
What is the first -and shortest- stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first 2 weeks following conception?
Germinal stage
What is a conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord?
placenta
What is the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems?
embryonic stage
What is the stage that begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth?
fetal stage
What is a developing child, from 8 weeks after conception until birth?
fetus
What is the inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant?
Infertility
What is process of fertilization in which a mans sperm is placed directly in a woman’s reproductive tract by a physician?
artificial insemination
What is procedure in which a woman’s ova are removed from her ovaries, and a man’s sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory?
in vitro fertilization
What is a factor that produces a birth defect?
Teratogen
What is a disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child?
fetal alcohol syndrome
What is a condition in which children display some, although not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the mothers consumption of alcohol during pregnancy?
fetal alcohol effects
What is the term used for newborns?
neonates
What is a close physical and emotional contact between parent and child ruing the period immediately following birth?
bonding
What is a restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, which can produce cognitive defects?
anoxia
What is a standard measurement that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns?
Apgar scale
What is an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass?
episiotomy
What are infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception?
preterm infants
What are infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams at birth?
low-birth weight infants
What are infants who, because of delayed fetal growth, weight 90 percent of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age?
small-for-gestational-age infants
What are infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams, or regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks?
very-low-birth weight infants
What are infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mothers due date?
post mature infants
What is a birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling through the birth canal?
cesarean delivery
What is device that measure the baby’s heartbeat during labor?
fetal monitor
What is the delivery of a child who is not alive, occurring in fewer than 1 delivery in 100?
stillbirth
What is death within the first year of life?
infant mortality
What are unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli?
reflexes
What is type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response?
classical conditioning
What is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weekend, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences?
operant conditioning
What is the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus?
habituation
What are different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation?
states of arousal
