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Pathophysiology - MW > Introduction, Cell physiology, body tissues, cellular adaption and cell death, inflammation and tissue repair > Flashcards

Introduction, Cell physiology, body tissues, cellular adaption and cell death, inflammation and tissue repair Flashcards

first 3 slideshows before Quiz 1 cut off

1
Q

Physiology

A

mechanism of human body functioning
- different systems

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2
Q

pathology

A

branch of medicine, investigates the essential nature of the disease, especially changes in body tissues and organs that cause or are caused by the disease

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3
Q

clinical pathology

A

pathology applied to solution of clinical lproblems, esp. use of lab methods in clinical diagnosis
- body tissues
- body fluids

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4
Q

histology

A

microscopic study of tissues

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5
Q

pathophysiology

A

study of functional changes that occur in the body as a result of an injury, disorder or disease; often referred to as study of the mechanism of disease

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6
Q

ascites

A

fluid in abdominal cavity

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7
Q

pathogenesis

A

development of cellular events and reactions and other pathologic mechanism that occur in the development of the disease, basically how a disease develops

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8
Q

what is a cell?

A

building block of living organism
basic unit of the body
- more than 100 trillion cells

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9
Q

cell membrane/plasma membrane job

A
  • protects the cell from environment while also being selective permeable; lipid bilayer
  • cells have gates that open and close by proteins, chemical signals and electric charges
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10
Q

cytoplasm is

A

colorless viscous liquid containing water, nutrients, ions, dissolved gases and wastes products

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11
Q

organelles in cell (little organs)

A

nucleus, nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi proteins, lysosomes, mitochondria, cytoskeleton

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12
Q

nucleus

A

control center of cells, regulates cell growth, metabolism and reproduction, contains genetic information (DNA)

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13
Q

nucleolus

A

produces RNA (translates genetic information)

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14
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesis enzyme and proteins, lipids, and hormones
-smooth and rough

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15
Q

smooth ER

A

no ribosomes attached

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16
Q

rough ER

A

ribosomes attached

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17
Q

ribosomes

A

aid in protein production

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18
Q

golgi proteins

A

sorts, chemically modifies, packages proteins produced on the endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

lysosomes

A

digests excess or worn out organelles, food particles, virus, bacteria

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20
Q

mitochondria

A

complete breakdown of glucose and produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), powerhouse of cells

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21
Q

cytoskeleton

A

internal support, helps with transportation

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22
Q

body tissues

A

structure and function of cells are specialized (differentiation) depending on where they are present in the body

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23
Q

group of cells makes up

A

tissues

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24
Q

types of tissues in the body

A

nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective

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25
Q

nervous tissue parts

A

neurons

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26
Q

muscle tissue types

A

skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

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27
Q

connective tissue types

A

blood cells, bone cells, fibroblasts, elastin, collagen

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28
Q

epithelial tissue covers

A

the outer surface of body and lines GI, respiratory, GU tract, secretory portion of glands and ducts

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29
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A
  • serve as barrier, physical protection
  • absorption (villi)
  • filtration (cilia)
  • secretion
  • permeability
  • regeneration
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30
Q

types of epithelial tissue according to shape

A

squamous (thin/flat)
cuboidal (cube)
columnar (column)

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31
Q

where is cuboidal epithelial tissue found

A

surface of ovary and thyroid

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32
Q

where is columnar epithelial tissue found

A

lines intestine

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33
Q

types of epithelial tissue based on number of layers

A
  • simple
  • stratified
  • pseudostratified
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34
Q

simple epithelial tissue has ______ layer(s)

A

1 layer

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35
Q

stratified epithelial tissue has ______ layer(s)

A

multiple

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36
Q

pseudostratified epithelial tissue has ______ layer(s)

A

looks like multiple but is 1 layer

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37
Q

simple epithelial tissue has _____ layer of cells

A

single

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38
Q

what is simple epithelial tissue designed for

A

filtration, absorption, or secretion

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39
Q

simple squamous covers…

A

lines blood vessels (endothelial cells), lymph nodes, and alveoli of lungs

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40
Q

simple cuboidal covers…

A

glands

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41
Q

simple columnar covers…

A

digestive tract

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42
Q
A

simple cuboital

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43
Q
A

columnar

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44
Q

stratified epithelial tissue

A

more than one layer of cells with deepest layer resting on the basement membrane, designed to protect body surfaces (lining of mouth and skin surfaces

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45
Q

types of stratified epithelial tissue

A

stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
stratified columnar (rare)

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46
Q

stratified squamous covers…

A

skin

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47
Q

stratified cuboidal covers…

A

sweat glands, salivary glands

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48
Q

stratified columnar covers…

A

conjunctiva

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49
Q
A

stratified squamous

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50
Q
A

stratified cuboital

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51
Q
A

stratified columnar

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52
Q

pseudostratified columnar ciliated

A

all cells are in contact with underlying intercellular matrix but some do not extend to the surface

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53
Q
A

pseudostratified epithelial tissue

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54
Q

transitional epithelium

A

stratified epithelium with cells that can change shape and become thinner when the tissue is stretched
lining of organs that constantly change volume (urinary bladder, urethra, ureters)

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55
Q
A

transitional epithelium

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56
Q

what does connective tissue do

A

connects/binds/supports various tissues, fills body spaces, produce blood cells
- produce extracellular matrix

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57
Q

components of connective tissue

A

cells (fibroblast, macrophages, lymphocytes)
extracellular protein fibers (collagenous fibers, elastic fibers)
ground substance (unstructured material filling spaces between cells and containing fibers)

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58
Q

types of connective tissue

A
  • tendons, ligaments
  • adipose tissue
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • blood and lymph
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59
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

genetic condition that affects CT
can damage blood vessels, heart, eyes, skin, lungs, and bones
RARE (1 in 5000)
mutation changes the proteins needed to build CT

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60
Q

characteristics of Marfan Syndrome

A
  • tall and slender build
  • disproportionately long arms, legs, and fingers
  • high arched palate
  • nearsightedness
  • abnormally curved spine
  • flat feet
  • aortic aneurysm
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61
Q

muscle tissue

A

contraction, movement of body and its parts and changes in size and shape of internal organs

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62
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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63
Q

skeletal muscle characteristics

A
  • long and cylindrical
  • striated
  • voluntary
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64
Q

smooth muscle characteristics

A
  • nonstriated
  • spindle shape
  • involuntary
  • intercalated disks/gap junctions
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65
Q

cardiac muscle characteristics

A
  • shorter, branched
  • involuntary
  • striated
  • intercalated disks/gap junctions
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66
Q
A

skeletal muscle

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67
Q
A

smooth muscle

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68
Q
A

cardiac muscle

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69
Q

red

A

perimysium

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70
Q

orange

A

fascicle

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71
Q

yellow

A

endomysium

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72
Q

green

A

sarcolemma

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73
Q

blue

A

epimysium

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74
Q

purple

A

myofibril

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75
Q

red

A

z-line

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76
Q

orange

A

h-zone

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77
Q

yellow

A

A band

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78
Q

green

A

I band

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79
Q

blue

A

M line

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80
Q

purple

A

myosin (thick) filaments

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81
Q

pink

A

actin (thin) filaments

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82
Q
A
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83
Q

heads have actin-binding site that is necessary for

A

cross bridge formation
hydrolyzes ATP

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84
Q

tropomyosin covers

A

binding sites on actin

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85
Q

there are ___ types of troponin

A

3

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86
Q

troponin T

A

attaches troponin to tropomyosin

87
Q

Troponin I

A

inhibits the interaction between action and myosin

88
Q

troponin C

A

calcium-binding protein

89
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle cell membrane

90
Q

transverse T tubule

A

extensive network of muscle cell membrane
invaginates deep into the muscle fiber
carry depolarization from action potential at muscle cell surface to the interior of the fiber

91
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A
  • myofibrils are surrounded by SR
  • site for storage and release of calcium for excitation-contraction coupling
  • calcium is accumulated in the SR by the action of calcium ATPase in the SR
    - pumps calcium from ICF of muscle fiber into the interior of SR
92
Q

Steps in excitation-contraction coupling

A
  1. action potential in muscle membrane propagated to T tubules, that carry depolarization from surface to the interior of the muscle fiber
  2. depolarization of T tubules
  3. open SR calcium release channels
  4. increase intracellular calcium concentration
  5. calcium binds troponin C
  6. tropomyosin moves and allows interaction of actin and myosin
  7. cross-bridge cycling
  8. contraction/force generation
93
Q

ATP =

A

force/energy

94
Q

what is sliding filament theory

A

how muscles contract by describing the movement of actin and myosin filaments within muscle fibers

95
Q

what happens to the A band during contraction of muscle?

A

A band remains the same

96
Q

cardiac muscle cells are called

A

cardiomyocytes

97
Q

intercalated disks contain

A

gap junctions that allow coordinated contraction of heart muscle

98
Q

increase in troponin and other cardiac enzymes in blood used to help diagnose

A

heart attack

99
Q

normal range of troponin

A

below 0.04ng/ml

100
Q

heart attack range of troponin

A

above 0.40ng/ml

101
Q

smooth muscle is an

A

involuntary muscle

102
Q

smooth muscle lacks striations because

A

thick and thin filaments are not organized in sarcomeres

103
Q

smooth muscle is found in

A

walls of hollow organs
- GI tract
- bladder
- uterus
- bronchioles
- eye muscles

104
Q

functions of smooth muscle

A

to produce motility and maintain tension

105
Q

what does smooth muscle rely on for protein binding

A

calmodulin

106
Q

what shape is smooth muscle

A

spindle shape

107
Q

cells are constantly challenged with stressors like

A

changes in oxygenation, temp, toxins, etc.

108
Q

irreversible cell injury results

A

cell death

109
Q

reversible cell injury results

A

normal cell adaptation
cell is able to recover homeostasis after the removal of stress

110
Q

cellular adaptation

A

adapt by undergoing changes in size, number, type

111
Q

can cells reverse their changes

A

potentially

112
Q

adaptations to cells may lead to

A
  • atrophy
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
  • dysplasia
113
Q

red

114
Q

orange

A

atrophy (decreased cell size)

115
Q

yellow

A

hypertrophy (increased cell size)

116
Q

green

A

hyperplasia (increased cell number)

117
Q

blue

A

metaplasia (conversion of one cell type to another)

118
Q

purple

A

dysplasia (disorderly growth)

119
Q

Atrophy characteristics

A
  • decrease in cell size
  • reduce oxygen consumptionc
120
Q

causes of atrophy

A

-disuse (casted)
- denervation
- inadequate nutrition
- ischemia or decreased blood flow

121
Q

physiologic atrophy

122
Q

pathologic atrophy

A

muscle wasting due to spinal cord in injury

123
Q

cerebral atrophy

A

cerebrum shrinking
- common feature of many diseases that affect the brain
- TBI
- infections

124
Q

hypertrophy characteristics

A
  • increase in cell size
  • due to blockages
  • seen in cardiac and skeletal muscle (cannot divide and form more cells)
125
Q

cause of hypertrophy

A

increase in workload
increase in growth/trophic signals
increased hormonal output

126
Q

result of normal physiologic hypertrophy

A

breast cells during pregnancy; increased muscle after exercises

127
Q

result of abnormal pathologic hypertrophy

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

128
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells in an organ or tissue
- calluses

129
Q

normal hyperplasia

A

breast enlargement during puberty, callus after prolonged use

130
Q

abnormal hyperplasia

A

endometrial hyperplasia

131
Q

metaplasia

A

one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

132
Q

what causes metaplasia

A

chronic irritation/inflammation

133
Q

what is an example of metaplasia

A

GERD (causes narrowing of the esophagus

134
Q

dysplasia

A

deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cell that vary in size, shape, and organization

135
Q

dysplasia is a precursor of what

136
Q

what if the cells do not have the ability to adapt to stressors?

A

the cells will die

137
Q

what are reversible cell injuries

A

swelling, membrane blebs

138
Q

what are irreversible cell injuries

A

alteration in cell nucleus, mitochondria, and lysosomes
rupture of cell membrane
dead cells release contents into the ECF

139
Q

Creatinine kinasae (CK-MM) found mostly in

A

skeletal muscles

140
Q

Creatinine kinasae (CK-MB) found mostly in

A

heart muscle

141
Q

Creatinine kinasae (CK-BB) found mostly in

A

brain tissue

142
Q

necrosis

A

occurs in irreversibly damaged cells
- initiate inflammation
- due to stress

143
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death
- does not initiate inflammation
- suicide of cell
- plan of the body for normal aging

144
Q

types of inflammation

A

acute and chronic

145
Q

what are the body’s lines of defense

A
  • skin and mucous membrane
  • inflammation
  • immunity
146
Q

neutrophil

A

fast acting
defense against foreign substances like bacteria, fungi

147
Q

monocytes

A

baby macrophages
immature macrophages, clean up debris/damaged cells

148
Q

eosinophils

A

attack parasites, cancer cells and play a role in asthma and allergy

149
Q

basophils

A

sneezing
produce allergic responses

150
Q

lymphocytes (T and B)

A

“killing”
immune system
produce antibodies, kills antigens

151
Q

what is inflammation?

A

all disease process cause injury and healing occurs with an effective inflammatory response
host’s protective response
add -itis

152
Q

acute inflammation

A

appears within minutes to hours

153
Q

chronic inflammation

A

days to years
altered inflammatory response

154
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

155
Q

rubor =

156
Q

tumor =

157
Q

calor =

158
Q

dolor =

159
Q

functio lasea =

A

loss of function

160
Q

acute inflammation occurs in two phases

A

vascular and cellular phases

161
Q

vascular phase of inflammation

A

tissue edema
momentary vasoconstriction followed rapidly by vasodilation
permeability increases

162
Q

increased blood flow + increased permeability =

A

loss of exudate
(causes swelling, pain, and impaired function)

163
Q

what is exudate?

A

protein rich fluid, fibrin, leucocytes

164
Q

fibrinogen is an abundant plasma protein that

A

provides the main building blocks for the clot

165
Q

cellular response events in sequence

A

chemotaxis (rolling), adhesion to the endothelium (find hole), transmigration across the endothelium (fill hole)

166
Q

cells that are active in the cellular phase

A
  • leukocytes/WBCs
  • red blood cells
  • platelets
  • connective tissue cells (fibroblasts)
  • elastin and collagen
167
Q

neutrophils

A

type of WBC, earliest phagocytic responders

168
Q

monocytes

A

immature macrophages

169
Q

macrophages

A

type of WBC, phagocytes associated with chronic inflammation

170
Q

red blood cells carry

A

oxygen to tissues

171
Q

platelets do what

A

trap harmful substances, stops bleeding

172
Q

fibroblasts do what

A

produce and replace connective tissue

173
Q

mediators (cytokines) of inflammatory processes is

A

measuring parts of the blood

174
Q

angiogenic is

A

more blood vessels

175
Q

nonpharmacological treatment

A

rest, ice, compression, elevation

176
Q

pharmacological treatment

A

aspirin, NSAIDS, steroids

177
Q

how does White Blood cell count change with inflammation

178
Q

how does C-reactive protein (CRP) change with inflammation

179
Q

how does Prothrombin (time to coagulate) change with inflammation

180
Q

how does fibrinogen change with inflammation

181
Q

how does white blood cell differential change with inflammation

A

neutrophils increase in acute inflammation

182
Q

how does erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) change with inflammation

A

increased, often above 100 mm/hr

183
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate is

A

how fast blood samples (erythrocytes) sediments along a test tube in one hour

184
Q

conditions associated with high ESR

A

cancer, autoimmune diseases, infections

185
Q

CRP is synthesized in the

186
Q

CRP enhances

A

phagocytosis by macrophages

187
Q

what is the correct sequence?
1. white blood cells migrate
2. phagocytosis of irritant
3. irritant enters the tissue
4. redness, heat and edema
5. inflammatory mediators
6. blood vessels dilate
7. cellular damage

A

3, 7, 5, 6, 4, 1, 3

188
Q

tissue repair is

A

overlaps the inflammatory process; response to tissue injury - to maintain normal structure and function

189
Q

2 types of tissue repair

A

regeneration and replacement

190
Q

regeneration is

A

injured cells replaced with cells of same type leaving no evidence of previous injury

191
Q

replacement is

A

with connective tissue - scar

192
Q

phases of wound healing

A
  • inflammation (5-10 days)
  • proliferation and migration (3-20 days)
  • remodeling and maturation (past 21 days)
193
Q

fibronectin

A

provides structural support to the healing tissue
stabilizes fibrin which helps with blood clot
attracts fibroblasts and macrophages to the healing tissue

194
Q

proteoglycans

A

secreted by fibroblasts, helps aid in hydration and stabilizing tissue during repair

195
Q

elastin

A

secreted by fibroblasts, provides elasticity to tissue

196
Q

collagen

A
  • structural support and tensile strength for all tissues and organs
  • each collagen type has a specialized function
  • skin - mostly type 1 collagen
  • hyaline cartilage - type 2 collagen
  • vascular and visceral structure - type 3 collagen
197
Q

factors that affect tissue healing

A
  • growth factors
  • general health of an individual
  • presence of comorbidities
  • infection
  • off loading weight bearing surfaces may be necessary
  • lack of desire to exercise or follow plan of care
  • nutrition
  • oxygen
198
Q

inflammatory phase

A

begins at the time of injury
- vascular and cellular phase
- migration of phagocytic white blood cells into the injured area

199
Q

proliferative stage

A
  • building of new tissue to fill the wound space
  • fibroblasts
  • angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels)
  • granulation tissue: rich network of developing blood vessels with connective tissue matrix reddish granular layer of tissue
  • re-epithelialization, epithelial cells at wound edges proliferate to form new surface layer “bridging the gap”
200
Q

remodeling phase

A

begins 3 weeks after injury, can continue for 6 months or longer
- development of fibrous scar
- scar tissue changes from red to pink to white

201
Q

types of wound closures

A

primary intention (wound healing quick)
secondary intention (pressure ulcers, longer repair time)

202
Q

complications of healing include

A

infection, ulceration, adhesions, dehiscence, keloid development

203
Q

using corticosteroids is bad for people with

204
Q

using corticosteroids is good for people with

A

autoimmune diseases, RA, etc

205
Q

hypertrophic scar/keloid is

A

excessive production of scar tissue

206
Q

black wound means

A

dead
presence of necrosis/ delayed healing

207
Q

yellow wound means

A

infected
wound exudate + adherent = bacterial growth
need to debride

208
Q

red wound means

A

healing
granulation tissue
stage 2
- blood vessels

209
Q

pink wound means

A

covered wound
end of stage 2

210
Q

red/yellow wound means

A

need to remove yellow
promote growth of red granulation tissue

211
Q

chronic inflammation

A

represents a persistent/recurrent state of inflammation lasting several weeks or longer

212
Q

cells of chronic inflammation

A

monocytes, macrophages
fibroblasts

213
Q

in some cases, chronic inflammation results in

Pathophysiology - MW (3 decks)

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