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PSYCHOLOGY > INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the perspectives or approaches in psychology

A

*learning approach / behavioral approach
*cognitive approach
*biological approach
*social approach

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2
Q

describe learning / behavioral approach

A

all psychological phenomena were explained as observable learned behaviour

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3
Q

Describe cognitive approach

A

psychological approach through thinking , reasoning , problem solving methods , memory and language
ex making mind map .

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4
Q

Describe biological approach.

A

approaching psychological phenomena through nervous system , neurotransmitters , hormones and genetics.

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5
Q

Describe social approach

A

this approach is concerned about the influence of social context and the others on our behaviour , thinking and how we may influence others thinking and behaviour

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6
Q

What are the main three types of studies in psychology

A

*experimental studies
* descriptive studies
* correlation studies

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7
Q

What are the main three types of studies in psychology

A

*experimental studies
* descriptive studies
* correlation studies

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8
Q

What is meant

A
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9
Q

What is meant by experimental studies

A

using many experimental methods to find cause and effect (through self reports , observations etc)

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10
Q

Describe descriptive studies

A

describe the psychological phenomena in different aspects without any experiments

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11
Q

What is correlational studies

A

studies which describes the relationship between the variables .

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12
Q

What are 6 main research methods

A

*experiments
*correlation
*case studies
*self report
*observations
*longitudinal research

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13
Q

What is experimental research method

A

experiments which are done to find cause and effect relationship using independent variable and dependent variable .

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14
Q

Write 2 types of experiments

A

*laboratory experiments
* field experiment

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15
Q

What is laboratory experiment

A
  • during this type of experiments most of the variables are controlled by artificially inside labs .
    *since most of the variables are controlled by labs internal validity and reliability increases but ecological validity is less due to artificial environment.
    *independent variable is manipulated by experimenter.
    *lab experiment are conducted with informed consent fully or partially, also debriefing is done at the end of the experiment to make the experiment ethical.
  • high demand characters.
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16
Q

What is field experiment

A

*conduct in more natural environment.
*researcher have some amount of control over the variables.
* iv is manipulated same as in laboratory experiment
*since variables are less controlled low internal validity and reliability’s reported.
* ecological validity is high because experiment is conducted in natural environment.
* low demanded characters .
* less ethical because consent is not considered also no debriefing most of the time .

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17
Q

Write three types of experimental designs used in lab experiments.

A

*independent group design
*repeat measures design
*matched pairs design

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18
Q

What is independent groups design

A

only one set of participants are used only in one condition or level

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19
Q

What is repeat measures design

A

using same set of participants for all iv condition

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20
Q

What is matched pairs design

A

same as independent group designing one group for one condition but each group is with matching members such as same age, same IQ level, same country , same gender.

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21
Q

What is order effect

A
  • positive- performing better than normal due to practice they get by taking part in the study repetitively.
  • negative - performing worse than normal due to getting tired or fatigue effect and boredom effect because of repetition of the same task.
22
Q

What is counter balancing

A

the method uses half of the participants to follow condition A to B and other half B to A ,this measures the effect of order in repeat measures design.

23
Q

What is counter balancing

A

the method uses half of the participants to follow condition A to B and other half b to a ,this measures the effect of order in repeat measures design.

24
Q

What are the advantages of independent group design

A
  • no order effects
    *same task stimuli can be used in all conditions
    *low probability of demand characters.
25
Q

What are the disadvantages of independent group design

A

*great chance of participant variability.
*lot of participants are required.

26
Q

What are the advantages of repeat measures design

A

*least effects of participant variability
*fewer participants are required

27
Q

What are the disadvantages of repeat measures design

A

*possibility of order effect will be very high
* higher chance of demand characteristics
*same task stimuli cant be used.

28
Q

What is demand characteristics

A

cues that might indicate the aim of a study to participants. These cues can lead to participants changing behavioral pattern.

29
Q

What are the advantages of matched pair design

A

*participant variables will be less
*no order effect
*low possibility of demand characteristics
*same task stimuli can be used

30
Q

What are the disadvantages of matched pair design

A
  • need more participants than repeat measures design
  • making matched pairs will be very difficult resulting in a small sample size.
31
Q

What is situational variability

A

situation affecting the final result of experiment , ex if experiment is about photosynthesis cold climate might affect final result.

32
Q

What is participant variability

A

difference between participants that can affect results . ex if one group in experiment is tired that will affect the final result .

33
Q

What is meant by correlation

A

the link or the relationship between two measured variables .you can not find cause and effect in correlational studies.

34
Q

What are three types of findings in correlation

A

*positive - when one variable increases the other factor increases
*negative - when one variable increase other decreases
*none - no relationship between variables.

35
Q

What are the advantages of correlational studies

A

*used when manipulating variables cant be done or unethical to be done.
*it can be done before conducting experiment to see whether the variables are related.

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of correlational studies.

A

*there is always a chance of a third variable to affect in both co variables.
* establishing a correlation does not mean that there is a causality.(

37
Q

What is a case study

A

*in-depth analyse of a person or a group of people
*experiments are not conducted during this method.
*instead they use interviews , observations and questionnaires

38
Q

What is the purpose of case study

A

to share unique knowledge of rare findings with rest of the world.

39
Q

What are the advantages of case study

A

*in-depth information can be gathered
*some degree of ecological validity as they are observed in real life .
*acknowledge individuals uniqueness and subjective experience.
* due to data triangle( observation , interview and questionnaires) increase validity and reliability of study.

40
Q

What are the disadvantages of case study.

A

*uniqueness makes it difficult to generalize and replicate
*will not show cause and effect
*research biased / can be biased as the researcher have a own influence in the interpretation
* ethical concerns such as privacy and confidentiality

41
Q

What is a self report

A

research method used to collect data directly from participants .

42
Q

What are the two main methods used in self report to collect information

A

*questionnaire
*interviews

43
Q

Questionnaires are 2 types what are they

A
  • open ended
  • close ended
44
Q

Questionnaires are 2 types what are they

A
  • open ended
  • close ended
45
Q

Interviews are 3 types what are they

A

*structured
* semi structured
*unstructured

46
Q

What is open ended questionnaires

A

descriptive , detailed , rich answers and questions start with describe or explain.

47
Q

What is close ended questionnaires

A

fixed responses the participants will be restricted to a group of answers .with scales

48
Q

What are the strengths of questionnaires

A

*easy to collect large samples within short period of time.
*high representativeness and generalizability due to large samples
*may not need lot of research assistants
*allowing to write and not talking to researcher will increase the truthfulness and privacy.
*close ended questionnaires will be more quantitative are easier to analyze and objective

49
Q

What are the weaknesses of questionnaires

A
50
Q

What is a interview

A

spoken face to face method of data collection from the participant since this consume time small samples are considered here .

51
Q

What is meant by structured interview

A

fixed , listed same questions for all participants , in a particular order with consistent voice, dress and posture

PSYCHOLOGY (4 decks)

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