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INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

what are the perspectives or approaches in psychology

A

*learning approach / behavioral approach
*cognitive approach
*biological approach
*social approach

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2
Q

describe learning / behavioral approach

A

all psychological phenomena were explained as observable learned behaviour

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3
Q

Describe cognitive approach

A

psychological approach through thinking , reasoning , problem solving methods , memory and language
ex making mind map .

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4
Q

Describe biological approach.

A

approaching psychological phenomena through nervous system , neurotransmitters , hormones and genetics.

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5
Q

Describe social approach

A

this approach is concerned about the influence of social context and the others on our behaviour , thinking and how we may influence others thinking and behaviour

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6
Q

What are the main three types of studies in psychology

A

*experimental studies
* descriptive studies
* correlation studies

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7
Q

What are the main three types of studies in psychology

A

*experimental studies
* descriptive studies
* correlation studies

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8
Q

What is meant

A
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9
Q

What is meant by experimental studies

A

using many experimental methods to find cause and effect (through self reports , observations etc)

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10
Q

Describe descriptive studies

A

describe the psychological phenomena in different aspects without any experiments

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11
Q

What is correlational studies

A

studies which describes the relationship between the variables .

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12
Q

What are 6 main research methods

A

*experiments
*correlation
*case studies
*self report
*observations
*longitudinal research

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13
Q

What is experimental research method

A

experiments which are done to find cause and effect relationship using independent variable and dependent variable .

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14
Q

Write 2 types of experiments

A

*laboratory experiments
* field experiment

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15
Q

What is laboratory experiment

A
  • during this type of experiments most of the variables are controlled by artificially inside labs .
    *since most of the variables are controlled by labs internal validity and reliability increases but ecological validity is less due to artificial environment.
    *independent variable is manipulated by experimenter.
    *lab experiment are conducted with informed consent fully or partially, also debriefing is done at the end of the experiment to make the experiment ethical.
  • high demand characters.
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16
Q

What is field experiment

A

*conduct in more natural environment.
*researcher have some amount of control over the variables.
* iv is manipulated same as in laboratory experiment
*since variables are less controlled low internal validity and reliability’s reported.
* ecological validity is high because experiment is conducted in natural environment.
* low demanded characters .
* less ethical because consent is not considered also no debriefing most of the time .

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17
Q

Write three types of experimental designs used in lab experiments.

A

*independent group design
*repeat measures design
*matched pairs design

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18
Q

What is independent groups design

A

only one set of participants are used only in one condition or level

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19
Q

What is repeat measures design

A

using same set of participants for all iv condition

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20
Q

What is matched pairs design

A

same as independent group designing one group for one condition but each group is with matching members such as same age, same IQ level, same country , same gender.

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21
Q

What is order effect

A
  • positive- performing better than normal due to practice they get by taking part in the study repetitively.
  • negative - performing worse than normal due to getting tired or fatigue effect and boredom effect because of repetition of the same task.
22
Q

What is counter balancing

A

the method uses half of the participants to follow condition A to B and other half B to A ,this measures the effect of order in repeat measures design.

23
Q

What is counter balancing

A

the method uses half of the participants to follow condition A to B and other half b to a ,this measures the effect of order in repeat measures design.

24
Q

What are the advantages of independent group design

A
  • no order effects
    *same task stimuli can be used in all conditions
    *low probability of demand characters.
25
What are the disadvantages of independent group design
*great chance of participant variability. *lot of participants are required.
26
What are the advantages of repeat measures design
*least effects of participant variability *fewer participants are required
27
What are the disadvantages of repeat measures design
*possibility of order effect will be very high * higher chance of demand characteristics *same task stimuli cant be used.
28
What is demand characteristics
cues that might indicate the aim of a study to participants. These cues can lead to participants changing behavioral pattern.
29
What are the advantages of matched pair design
*participant variables will be less *no order effect *low possibility of demand characteristics *same task stimuli can be used
30
What are the disadvantages of matched pair design
* need more participants than repeat measures design * making matched pairs will be very difficult resulting in a small sample size.
31
What is situational variability
situation affecting the final result of experiment , ex if experiment is about photosynthesis cold climate might affect final result.
32
What is participant variability
difference between participants that can affect results . ex if one group in experiment is tired that will affect the final result .
33
What is meant by correlation
the link or the relationship between two measured variables .you can not find cause and effect in correlational studies.
34
What are three types of findings in correlation
*positive - when one variable increases the other factor increases *negative - when one variable increase other decreases *none - no relationship between variables.
35
What are the advantages of correlational studies
*used when manipulating variables cant be done or unethical to be done. *it can be done before conducting experiment to see whether the variables are related.
36
What are the disadvantages of correlational studies.
*there is always a chance of a third variable to affect in both co variables. * establishing a correlation does not mean that there is a causality.(
37
What is a case study
*in-depth analyse of a person or a group of people *experiments are not conducted during this method. *instead they use interviews , observations and questionnaires
38
What is the purpose of case study
to share unique knowledge of rare findings with rest of the world.
39
What are the advantages of case study
*in-depth information can be gathered *some degree of ecological validity as they are observed in real life . *acknowledge individuals uniqueness and subjective experience. * due to data triangle( observation , interview and questionnaires) increase validity and reliability of study.
40
What are the disadvantages of case study.
*uniqueness makes it difficult to generalize and replicate *will not show cause and effect *research biased / can be biased as the researcher have a own influence in the interpretation * ethical concerns such as privacy and confidentiality
41
What is a self report
research method used to collect data directly from participants .
42
What are the two main methods used in self report to collect information
*questionnaire *interviews
43
Questionnaires are 2 types what are they
* open ended * close ended
44
Questionnaires are 2 types what are they
* open ended * close ended
45
Interviews are 3 types what are they
*structured * semi structured *unstructured
46
What is open ended questionnaires
descriptive , detailed , rich answers and questions start with describe or explain.
47
What is close ended questionnaires
fixed responses the participants will be restricted to a group of answers .with scales
48
What are the strengths of questionnaires
*easy to collect large samples within short period of time. *high representativeness and generalizability due to large samples *may not need lot of research assistants *allowing to write and not talking to researcher will increase the truthfulness and privacy. *close ended questionnaires will be more quantitative are easier to analyze and objective
49
What are the weaknesses of questionnaires
50
What is a interview
spoken face to face method of data collection from the participant since this consume time small samples are considered here .
51
What is meant by structured interview
fixed , listed same questions for all participants , in a particular order with consistent voice, dress and posture

PSYCHOLOGY (4 decks)

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