Introduction and Natural Disasters Flashcards
Man-Made Disasters Categories
___ originate from technological or industrial conditions, dangerous procedures, infrastructure failure or human activity. (i.e. cyber attacks, urban or structural fire, arson, explosions, hazmat spills, structure collapse or failure, power failure)
Technological disaster
Modifed Mercalli Scale
Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.
Intensity 8
Pyroclastic Materials
Fine-grained material that is ejected during explosive volcanic eruptions caused by rapid expansion of gases.
Volcanic ash
A ____ is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
natural disaster
Main Types of Floods?
____ caused by excessive rain or melting of snows which causes the level of water to overflow from a river.
a. River Flood (Fluvial floods)
b. Flash Floods
c. Coastal Floods (Storm Surge)
d. Urban Floods
- River Flood (Fluvial floods)
___ is also called a snow slide is a rapid flow of snow down a slope, such as a hill or mountain. Primarily composed of flowing snow and air, large avalanches have the capability to capture and move ice, rocks, and trees.
Avalanche
Violent Claim
An incident which disrupts a community and requires intervention to maintain public safety. (i.e. panic, mass hysteria, demonstrations, riots, strikes, public nuisances, and criminal activities)
A. Civil unrest/disturbance
B. Terrorism
C. Transport disaster
D. Environmental disaster
E. Structural failure disaster
Civil Unrest or Civil Disturbance
Worst epidemic/pandemic?
- black death
- Spanish flu
- plague of Justinian/bubonic
- HIV/AIDS
- COVID-19
Rip currents, often simply called a rip (or misleadingly a riptide), is a specific kind of water current that can occur near beaches with ____ waves. Rip currents are powerful, narrow channels of fast-moving water or localized current that flows away from the shoreline toward the ocean, perpendicular or at an acute angle to the shoreline. It usually breaks up not far from shore and is generally ____ meters (____ feet) wide.
breaking waves
24 meters (80 feet) wide
____ is an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable fire in an area of combustible vegetation.
Wildfire, forest fir, bushfire, wildland fire, rural fire
Pyroclastic Materials
Large magma blobs.
Volcanic Bombs
A type of landslide caused by rock failure in which part of the bedding plane of failure passes through compacted rock and material collapses en masse and not in individual blocks.
Rockslides
___ refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, but since the 1800s, human activities have been its main driver, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels (like coal, oil and gas), which produces heat-trapping gases
Climate change
A ___ outbreak is one in which a group of persons are all exposed to an infectious agent or a toxin from the same source.
A. Common source
B. Propagated outbreak
C. Mixed epidemics
common source
The combination of temperature and humidity is measured by the ____.
heat index
Anatomy of an Earthquake
____ are vibrations rapidly moving from direction of the focus. Waves of energy that travel through Earth’s layers, and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large man-made explosions that give out low-frequency acoustic energy.
Seismic Waves
Modifed Mercalli Scale
Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations.
Intensity 9
____ is an electrical storm or a lightning storm, characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth’s atmosphere, known as thunder. Relatively weak ones are sometimes called ____.
Thunderstorms
thundershowers
Disaster according to ____: Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life or deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.
World Health Organization 1995
Contributing factors to flooding
Non-scientific term people often use to describe exceptionally high tides. These higher than normal “spring” tides occur during new or full moon during specific seasons around the globe.
A. Daily tide
B. El Nino
C. Coastal storms
D. King tides
King Tides
Modifed Mercalli Scale
Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.
Intensity 3
A sudden increase in occurrences of a disease when cases are in excess of normal expectancy for the location or season. It may affect a small and localized group or impact upon thousands of people across an entire continent.
Disease outbreak
Anatomy of an Earthquake
____ is the point in the ground level directly above the focus.
Epicenter
Types of Disease Outbreaks
Infection is constantly maintained at a baseline level in a geographic area without external inputs. Is constantly present in a certain population or region, with relatively low spread (or there may be periods when it doesn’t affect people at all if it’s only present in the environment).
A. Endemic
B. Epidemic
C. Pandemic
Endemic
Main Types of Floods?
- River Flood (Fluvial floods)
- Flash Floods
- Coastal Floods (Storm Surge)
- Urban Floods
____ disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards. Examples include war, social unrest, stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, conflicts, oil spills, terrorist attacks, nuclear explosions/nuclear radiation.
Anthropogenic or Human-instigated disasters
Pyroclastic Materials
Molten rock beneath the surface of the Earth.
Magma
Pyroclastic Materials
“Little Rocks”. Rock fragments ejected from a volcano.
Lapilli
Types of Earthquakes
____ Ice quake or frost quake, is a seismic event caused by a sudden cracking action in frozen soil or rock saturated with water or ice, or by stresses generated at frozen lakes. As water drains into the ground, it may eventually freeze and expand under colder temperatures, putting stress on its surroundings.
a. Tectonic
b. Collapse
c. Explosive
d. Cryoseism
e. Volcanic
Cryoseism
Pyroclastic Materials
Volcanic rock fragments irrespective of grain size produced during an explosive eruption
Tephras
A volcano is an opening or rupture in the earth’s surface that allows magma (hot liquid and semiliquid rock), volcanic ash and gases to escape. A ____ is when lava and gas are released from a volcano— sometimes explosively.
Volcanic eruptions
A ____ is an instrument that responds to ground noises and shaking such as caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and explosions. They are usually combined with a timing device and a recording device to form a ____. The output of such a device—formerly recorded on paper or film, now recorded and processed digitally—is a ____. Such data is used to locate and characterize earthquakes, and to study the Earth’s internal structure.
seismometer
seismograph
seismogram
Index case is the first documented patient in a disease epidemic within a population, or the first documented patient included in an epidemiological study.
Patient zero
Man-made disasters categories?
Violent claim
Technological disaster
Heat index, also known as the ____, is what the temperature feels like to the human body when relative humidity is combined with the air temperature
apparent temperature
Types of Disease Outbreaks
An epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region - multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals. Its is when there is a sudden increase in cases spreading through several countries, continents, or the whole world.
A. Endemic
B. Epidemic
C. Pandemic
Pandemic
___ is the warm phase of the ENSO associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific (the area off the Pacific coast of South America).
EL NIÑO “the boy”
Pyroclastic Materials
A mixture of water and volcanic debris that moves rapidly downstream. Consistency can range from that of muddy dishwater to that of wet cement, depending on the ratio of water to debris
Lahar
7 disease transmissions
- Droplets
- Airborne
- Direct Contact
- Indirect Contact
- Waterborne
- Foodborne
- Vector-borne
Modifed Mercalli Scale
Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken.
Intensity 7
____, increased ____ and extreme ____ increases the severity of other causes for flooding, resulting in more intense floods and increased flood risk.
Climate change, increased rainfall and extreme weather events
Also known as a quake, tremor or temblor is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s lithosphere that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, or seismic activity, of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a particular time period.
Earthquake
____ is a type of solid rain made up of balls or lumps of ice. It forms when a thunderstorm updraft lifts a water droplet above the freezing level in the atmosphere. They typically last for no more than 15 minutes but can cause injuries to people and damage buildings, vehicles and crops.
Hail
Natural disaster classifications
Geophysical
Hydrological
Climatological
Meterorological
Disease outbreaks
_____ is proportional to the energy released by an earthquake at the focus. It is calculated from earthquakes recorded by an instrument called seismograph. It is represented by ____
Magnitude
Arabic Numbers (e.g. 4.8, 9.0).
An event in which wind coincides with varieties of precipitation that only occur at freezing temperatures, such as snow, mixed snow and rain, or freezing rain. In temperate continental climates, these storms are not necessarily restricted to the winter season, but may occur in the late autumn and early spring as well.
Winter storm
