Introduction and Natural Disasters Flashcards
Man-Made Disasters Categories
___ originate from technological or industrial conditions, dangerous procedures, infrastructure failure or human activity. (i.e. cyber attacks, urban or structural fire, arson, explosions, hazmat spills, structure collapse or failure, power failure)
Technological disaster
Modifed Mercalli Scale
Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.
Intensity 8
Pyroclastic Materials
Fine-grained material that is ejected during explosive volcanic eruptions caused by rapid expansion of gases.
Volcanic ash
A ____ is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
natural disaster
Main Types of Floods?
____ caused by excessive rain or melting of snows which causes the level of water to overflow from a river.
a. River Flood (Fluvial floods)
b. Flash Floods
c. Coastal Floods (Storm Surge)
d. Urban Floods
- River Flood (Fluvial floods)
___ is also called a snow slide is a rapid flow of snow down a slope, such as a hill or mountain. Primarily composed of flowing snow and air, large avalanches have the capability to capture and move ice, rocks, and trees.
Avalanche
Violent Claim
An incident which disrupts a community and requires intervention to maintain public safety. (i.e. panic, mass hysteria, demonstrations, riots, strikes, public nuisances, and criminal activities)
A. Civil unrest/disturbance
B. Terrorism
C. Transport disaster
D. Environmental disaster
E. Structural failure disaster
Civil Unrest or Civil Disturbance
Worst epidemic/pandemic?
- black death
- Spanish flu
- plague of Justinian/bubonic
- HIV/AIDS
- COVID-19
Rip currents, often simply called a rip (or misleadingly a riptide), is a specific kind of water current that can occur near beaches with ____ waves. Rip currents are powerful, narrow channels of fast-moving water or localized current that flows away from the shoreline toward the ocean, perpendicular or at an acute angle to the shoreline. It usually breaks up not far from shore and is generally ____ meters (____ feet) wide.
breaking waves
24 meters (80 feet) wide
____ is an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable fire in an area of combustible vegetation.
Wildfire, forest fir, bushfire, wildland fire, rural fire
Pyroclastic Materials
Large magma blobs.
Volcanic Bombs
A type of landslide caused by rock failure in which part of the bedding plane of failure passes through compacted rock and material collapses en masse and not in individual blocks.
Rockslides
___ refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, but since the 1800s, human activities have been its main driver, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels (like coal, oil and gas), which produces heat-trapping gases
Climate change
A ___ outbreak is one in which a group of persons are all exposed to an infectious agent or a toxin from the same source.
A. Common source
B. Propagated outbreak
C. Mixed epidemics
common source
The combination of temperature and humidity is measured by the ____.
heat index
Anatomy of an Earthquake
____ are vibrations rapidly moving from direction of the focus. Waves of energy that travel through Earth’s layers, and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large man-made explosions that give out low-frequency acoustic energy.
Seismic Waves
Modifed Mercalli Scale
Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations.
Intensity 9
____ is an electrical storm or a lightning storm, characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth’s atmosphere, known as thunder. Relatively weak ones are sometimes called ____.
Thunderstorms
thundershowers
Disaster according to ____: Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life or deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.
World Health Organization 1995
Contributing factors to flooding
Non-scientific term people often use to describe exceptionally high tides. These higher than normal “spring” tides occur during new or full moon during specific seasons around the globe.
A. Daily tide
B. El Nino
C. Coastal storms
D. King tides
King Tides
Modifed Mercalli Scale
Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.
Intensity 3
A sudden increase in occurrences of a disease when cases are in excess of normal expectancy for the location or season. It may affect a small and localized group or impact upon thousands of people across an entire continent.
Disease outbreak
Anatomy of an Earthquake
____ is the point in the ground level directly above the focus.
Epicenter
Types of Disease Outbreaks
Infection is constantly maintained at a baseline level in a geographic area without external inputs. Is constantly present in a certain population or region, with relatively low spread (or there may be periods when it doesn’t affect people at all if it’s only present in the environment).
A. Endemic
B. Epidemic
C. Pandemic
Endemic
Main Types of Floods?
- River Flood (Fluvial floods)
- Flash Floods
- Coastal Floods (Storm Surge)
- Urban Floods
____ disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards. Examples include war, social unrest, stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, conflicts, oil spills, terrorist attacks, nuclear explosions/nuclear radiation.
Anthropogenic or Human-instigated disasters
Pyroclastic Materials
Molten rock beneath the surface of the Earth.
Magma
Pyroclastic Materials
“Little Rocks”. Rock fragments ejected from a volcano.
Lapilli
Types of Earthquakes
____ Ice quake or frost quake, is a seismic event caused by a sudden cracking action in frozen soil or rock saturated with water or ice, or by stresses generated at frozen lakes. As water drains into the ground, it may eventually freeze and expand under colder temperatures, putting stress on its surroundings.
a. Tectonic
b. Collapse
c. Explosive
d. Cryoseism
e. Volcanic
Cryoseism
Pyroclastic Materials
Volcanic rock fragments irrespective of grain size produced during an explosive eruption
Tephras
A volcano is an opening or rupture in the earth’s surface that allows magma (hot liquid and semiliquid rock), volcanic ash and gases to escape. A ____ is when lava and gas are released from a volcano— sometimes explosively.
Volcanic eruptions
A ____ is an instrument that responds to ground noises and shaking such as caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and explosions. They are usually combined with a timing device and a recording device to form a ____. The output of such a device—formerly recorded on paper or film, now recorded and processed digitally—is a ____. Such data is used to locate and characterize earthquakes, and to study the Earth’s internal structure.
seismometer
seismograph
seismogram
Index case is the first documented patient in a disease epidemic within a population, or the first documented patient included in an epidemiological study.
Patient zero
Man-made disasters categories?
Violent claim
Technological disaster
Heat index, also known as the ____, is what the temperature feels like to the human body when relative humidity is combined with the air temperature
apparent temperature
Types of Disease Outbreaks
An epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region - multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals. Its is when there is a sudden increase in cases spreading through several countries, continents, or the whole world.
A. Endemic
B. Epidemic
C. Pandemic
Pandemic
___ is the warm phase of the ENSO associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific (the area off the Pacific coast of South America).
EL NIÑO “the boy”
Pyroclastic Materials
A mixture of water and volcanic debris that moves rapidly downstream. Consistency can range from that of muddy dishwater to that of wet cement, depending on the ratio of water to debris
Lahar
7 disease transmissions
- Droplets
- Airborne
- Direct Contact
- Indirect Contact
- Waterborne
- Foodborne
- Vector-borne
Modifed Mercalli Scale
Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken.
Intensity 7
____, increased ____ and extreme ____ increases the severity of other causes for flooding, resulting in more intense floods and increased flood risk.
Climate change, increased rainfall and extreme weather events
Also known as a quake, tremor or temblor is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s lithosphere that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, or seismic activity, of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a particular time period.
Earthquake
____ is a type of solid rain made up of balls or lumps of ice. It forms when a thunderstorm updraft lifts a water droplet above the freezing level in the atmosphere. They typically last for no more than 15 minutes but can cause injuries to people and damage buildings, vehicles and crops.
Hail
Natural disaster classifications
Geophysical
Hydrological
Climatological
Meterorological
Disease outbreaks
_____ is proportional to the energy released by an earthquake at the focus. It is calculated from earthquakes recorded by an instrument called seismograph. It is represented by ____
Magnitude
Arabic Numbers (e.g. 4.8, 9.0).
An event in which wind coincides with varieties of precipitation that only occur at freezing temperatures, such as snow, mixed snow and rain, or freezing rain. In temperate continental climates, these storms are not necessarily restricted to the winter season, but may occur in the late autumn and early spring as well.
Winter storm
Form of mass wasting where large amounts of earth move down a slope under the influence of gravity. They can have devastating effects especially in heavily populated areas near hillsides or mountain slopes.
Landslides
Sudden sinking of the Earth’s surface due to the movement of the earth underneath most often caused by the removal of water, oil, natural gas, or mineral resources out of the ground by pumping, fracking, or mining activities.
Sinkhole
What type of hazard is this? Hurricanes, tornadoes, cyclones and tropical storms/wave surges.
Meteorological
Main Types of Floods?
Brought about by tropical storms where water is forces ashore by strong high winds.
a. River Flood (Fluvial floods)
b. Flash Floods
c. Coastal Floods (Storm Surge)
d. Urban Floods
Coastal Floods (Storm Surge)
Chain of infection?
- Portal of entry
- Susceptible host
- Agent
- Reservoir
- Portal of exit
- Mode of transmission
Types of Earthquakes
____ are produced by sudden movement along faults and plate boundaries.
a. Tectonic
b. Collapse
c. Explosive
d. Cryoseism
e. Volcanic
Tectonic earthquakes
Tornadoes develop from ____ in warm, moist, unstable air along and ahead of cold fronts. Such thunderstorms also may generate large hail and damaging winds. Where do tornadoes come from?
severe thunderstorms
Contributing factors to flooding
Storms can cause an abnormal rise in water levels over and above the prescribed tide. The rise in water can cause extreme flooding in coastal areas particularly when storm-driven waves coincide with high tide
Coastal Storms
Contributing factors to flooding
High tides that are regular, predictable rise and fall of the currents caused by the moon and sun’s gravity.
a. Daily tide
b. El Niño
c. Coastal storm
d. King tide
Daily Tides
Anthropogenic or human-instigated disaster causes?
Human intent
Human error
Failed systems
A snowstorm with strong winds and other conditions meeting certain criteria is called a ____.
blizzard
Disaster according to ____: A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope with using its own resources.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
Types of Earthquakes
____ are induced by rising lava or magma beneath active volcanoes
a. Tectonic
b. Collapse
c. Explosive
d. Cryoseism
e. Volcanic
Volcanic earthquakes
Technological Disaster
____ begins to occur when the material is stressed to its upper strength limit causing to rupture or extreme deformations. The ultimate strength of the material or the system is the limit of the load bearing capacity.
A. Civil unrest/disturbance
B. Terrorism
C. Transport disaster
D. Environmental disaster
E. Structural failure disaster
Structural Failure Disasters
____, ____, or ____ is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low-pressure weather systems, such as cyclones. List the different names of storm surge.
Storm flood
tidal surge
storm tide
What are the three main types of faults?
Normal
Reverse
Strike-slip
Types of Earthquakes
____ are small earthquakes in underground caverns and mines that are caused by seismic waves produced from the explosion of rock on the surface.
a. Tectonic
b. Collapse
c. Explosive
d. Cryoseism
e. Volcanic
Collapse earthquakes
Develop when water rapidly accumulates in the ground and results in a surge of water-saturated rock, earth, and debris. Usually start on steep slopes and can be activated by natural disasters.
Mudslides
___ is often named for the weather phenomenon that accompanies it, such as rain, hail, or thunder
Squall line
A ___ is one associated with a squall line of thunderstorms that is often hundreds of kilometers long.
Line squall
Anatomy of an Earthquake
____ is the point earthquake begins.
Focus
Heat waves are more dangerous when combined with ____.
high humidity
Modifed Mercalli Scale
Felt indoors by many, outdoors by a few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably
Intensity 4
Technological Disaster
Extreme events or substances in the Earth and its ecological system that may cause adverse consequences resulted from human manipulation. (i.e. land degradation, deforestation, desertification, wildland fires, loss of biodiversity, land, water and air pollution, climate change, sea level rise and ozone depletion)
A. Civil unrest/disturbance
B. Terrorism
C. Transport disaster
D. Environmental disaster
E. Structural failure disaster
Environmental Disaster
Anatomy of an Earthquake
____ refer to the gap between tectonic plates caused by plate movement. Fractures in Earth’s crust where rocks on either side of the crack have slid past each other. Sometimes the cracks are tiny, as thin as hair, with barely noticeable movement between the rock layers.
Fault Lines
Modifed Mercalli Scale
Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.
Intensity 6
Modifed Mercalli Scale
Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings
Intensity 2
Modifed Mercalli Scale
Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent.
Intensity 10
____ is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud.
Tornadoes
Landslide mitigation technique?
- Brick, Stine or Block Retaining Wall
- Concrete Retaining Wall
- Dewatering Slopes
- Ground Anchor
- Soil or Rock Nailing
Earthquake Related Hazards
Similar to subsidence but occurs when sediments are saturated with water. While these events can occur naturally, they are usually aggravated by earthquakes.
Liquefaction
Main Types of Floods?
Caused by excessive rainfall top of a higher ground (like a hill) which travels or flow to low lying areas. Usually accompanied by mud or debris that are washed away by the water (like trees).
a. River Flood (Fluvial floods)
b. Flash Floods
c. Coastal Floods (Storm Surge)
d. Urban Floods
Flash Floods
Contributing factors to flooding
___ causes changing weather patterns and warmer surface waters in the Pacific, which can lead to increase sea level.
a. Daily tide
b. El Niño
c. Coastal storm
d. King tide
El Niño
Violent Claim
____ is an unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims. (i.e. use of use of CBRNE; hijackings, hostage takings, kidnappings, mass shootings, car bombings, and, frequently, suicide bombings)
A. Civil unrest/disturbance
B. Terrorism
C. Transport disaster
D. Environmental disaster
E. Structural failure disaster
Terrorism
Modifed Mercalli Scale
Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions.
Intensity 1
Avalanche Mitigation?
- Artificial Triggering (Active Control)
- Structural Defense
Microorganisms that can cause diseases?
- Bacteria
- Protozoa
- Fungi
- Algae
____ is the strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt by people in a certain locality. It is a numerical rating based on the relative effects to people, objects, environment, and structures in the surrounding. It is generally higher near the epicenter. It is represented by ____. In the Philippines, this is determined using the ____
Intensity
Roman Numerals (e.g. II, IV, IX)
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)
Contributing factors to flooding? List DECK.
Daily tides
King tides
El Niño
Coastal storms
3 main types of disaster
- Natural disasters
- Man-made disasters
- Hybrid disasters
A ____ is a widespread, long lived windstorm that is associated with a band of rapidly moving showers or thunderstorms. It means “straight ahead” in Spanish.
derecho
What kind of natural disaster are the following? Avalanches, floods and sinkholes.
Hydrological hazards
____ is defined as drier than normal conditions. This means that it is “a moisture deficit relative to the average water availability at a given location and season”. A drought can last for days, months, or years.
Drought
Type of hazard? Extreme temperatures, thunderstorms and lightning, drought and wildfires, and winter and ice storms
Climatological Hazards
Technological Disaster
Driver or pilot related incidents due to fatigue, distractions, and inattention during transport (i.e. road, railroad, marine, aviation)
A. Civil unrest/disturbance
B. Terrorism
C. Transport disaster
D. Environmental disaster
E. Structural failure disaster
Transport Disaster
____ is a band of low pressure around the Earth which generally lies near to the equator. The trade winds of the northern and southern hemispheres come together here, which leads to the development of frequent ____ and ____.
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
thunderstorms and heavy rain
Earthquake Related Hazards
____ is a gradual settling or sudden sinking of the Earth’s surface owing to subsurface movement of earth materials. Principal causes are aquifer-system compaction, drainage of organic soils, underground mining, hydro compaction, natural compaction, sinkholes, and thawing permafrost.
Subsidence
Man-Made Disasters Categories
Use of physical force to resolve competing claims or interests
Violent claims
**Etymology **
The word disaster comes from the Latin words ____ and ____. In the Middle Ages, disasters such as floods or fires were blamed on the ____ of the planets or attributed to the events written by the ____.
dis (bad)
astro/aster (star)
misalignment
stars
Earthquake mitigation plans? List all 5.
- Earthquake Resistant Buildings
- Emergency Alert System
- Immediate TV Coverage
- Earthquake Survival Kits
- Water Discharge Tunnel
Qualitatively, ____ is a condition of air temperature which becomes fatal to human body when exposed. Quantitatively, it is defined based on the temperature thresholds over a region in terms of actual temperature or its departure from normal.
heat wave
___ is an oceanic and atmospheric phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader ENSO climate pattern.
LA NIÑA “the girl”
Modifed Mercalli Scale
Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable object overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop.
Intensity 5
Some epidemics have features of both common-source epidemics and propagated epidemics. The pattern of a common-source outbreak followed by secondary person-to-person spread is not uncommon. These are called ___
A. Common source
B. Propagated outbreak
C. Mixed epidemics
Mixed epidemics
Earthquake Related Hazards
Oscillating waves that produce major fluctuations in the water level. Series of standing waves in a fully- or partially-enclosed body of water caused by earthquakes or landslides.
a. Seiches
b. Cryoseism
c. Tephras
d. Tsunami
Seiches
Causes of floods? List SUBDID.
- Increased Urbanization
- Bad farming practice
- Deforestation
- Storms
- Ice and snow melting
- Dam and levee failures
Main Types of Floods?
Drainage system in a city cannot absorb the amount of water brought about by heavy or excessive rain.
a. River Flood (Fluvial floods)
b. Flash Floods
c. Coastal Floods (Storm Surge)
d. Urban Floods
Urban Floods
A rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and/or squalls.
Tropical cyclone
Pyroclastic Materials
Large pieces of solid rock.
Volcanic blocks
Disaster according to ____: A situation or event, which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request to the national or international level for external assistance; an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great damage, destruction and human suffering.
United Nations 2008
Pyroclastic Materials
General term for magma that has been erupted onto the surface of the Earth and maintains its integrity as a fluid or viscous mass.
Lava
An overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry.
Flood
A shaking or trembling of the earth that is volcanic or tectonic in origin.
Earthquake
Typhoon hazards. List all 4.
Storm surge flood
Inland floods
Tornadoes
High surf & rip currents
Earthquake Related Hazards
Giant waves produced when a fault displaces a large slab of the ocean floor. Nearly undetectable in the open ocean, but once it reaches shallow waters, wave height increases dramatically and can reach up to 30 meters.
Tsunamis
Types of Earthquakes
____ related to volcanic events, and they occur (beneath the crater) with volcanic explosions. It can also happen during nuclear tests.
a. Tectonic
b. Collapse
c. Explosive
d. Cryoseism
e. Volcanic
Explosion earthquakes
Types of Disease Outbreaks
Rapid spread of disease to a large number of hosts in a given population within a short period of time. It is when there is a sudden increase in cases spreading through a large population like a country (an outbreak is similar but usually covers a smaller geographic area).
A. Endemic
B. Epidemic
C. Pandemic
Epidemic
Fractures in Earth’s crust where rocks on either side of the crack have slid past each other. Sometimes the cracks are tiny, as thin as hair, with barely noticeable movement between the rock layers.
Faults
A ____ results from transmission from one person to another. Usually, transmission is by direct person-to-person contact, as with syphilis.
A. Common source
B. Propagated outbreak
C. Mixed epidemics
propagated outbreak
Formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum; and quartzite given the right conditions.
Karst topography
What kind of natural disaster are the following? Earthquakes, landslides and debris flow, tsunamis and volcanic activity.
Geophysical Hazards
